• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.2 s.113
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• pp.212-226
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• 2006

Surface data generally represent continuous distribution of geographical or social phenomena of a region in urban analysis. Instances include distribution of temperature, population of region, and various distributions related to human activities. When spatial data are given in the form of surface, surface comparison is required as a way of comprehending the surface change or the relationship between two surfaces. As for previous approaches of surface comparison, there are visualization, quantitative methods and qualitative method. All those approaches, however, show the difference between two surfaces in a limited way. Especially, they are not able to distinguish spatial difference between two surfaces. To overcome such problem, this paper proposes a method of comparing two surfaces in terms of their spatial structure. Main concept of the method comes from earth moving problem and the method is named minimum surface transformation, here. When a surface is transformed into another, total surface volume moved in the process of transformation should be the minimum. Both quantitative and spatial differences between two surfaces are evaluted by total surface volume moved and the distribution of moved surface volume of each cell respectively. The method is applied to hypothetical and actual data. From the former, it is understood that the method explains how two surfaces are quantitatively and spatially different. The result of the latter shows that moved total surface volume decreases as time goes by which fits the actual situation that population change rate gets smaller. Concerning the other measure of surface difference, the distribution of $X_{ij}$ describes detailed flow of surface volume than that of simply subtracting surface volume by indicating to what direction the population change occurs.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.902-915
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• 2004

Science drama can be an useful tool for understanding the nature of science, Science-Technology-Society relationship by providing indirect experiences to young students. Specific science concept and knowledge can also be learned with high interests. In this study, to explore the usefulness of science drama in elementary science lessons, two scripts of science drama and lesson plans were developed and implemented. Six step model for science drama lessons was also suggested. One was 'Manhattan Project' which dealt with social, ethical responsibility in using science & technology (science argument drama), and the other was 'Mom, My blood type is O' which explained the heredity of blood type (science concept drama). Two teachers were asked to write their journals during preparation and implementation of science drama lessons, and the lessons were observed by the researcher and video taped for analysis. Some students were interviewed just after the lessons by the teacher and all students were asked to write their impressions, change of their thought, what is leant etc. Overall responses of students and teachers on the two science drama lessons were very positive, 'Mom, My blood type is O' got more positive responses, and girls were more positive than boys. Some students anticipated another science drama even suggest topics for it. 'Mom, My blood type is O' was successful in making students (grade 3) understand the knowledge related with heredity of blood type (71% of the students got perfect answer). In 'Manhattan Project' students (grade 5) perceived more diverse location of responsibility after the lesson, but the danger and harmfulness of atomic power was embossed. This implied the need of more careful planning for the relevant learning activities before and after the play of science drama.Two teachers perceived the science drama as a new, useful tool for some subject which is hard to deal with by other teaching method. They were also satisfied with students' high interest and engagement during the science drama lessons but the extra time and effort for the lessons were pointed out as a main difficulties.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.930-936
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• 2004

Science field trip on historical heritages in Korea has developed since 1998. There are a few discussion of effectiveness of science field trip on historical heritages. In this research, the aim of science field trip on historical heritages was discussed in view of developing scientific perspectives on historical heritages with cases of science field trip of Hwasong fortress. Material for science field trip of Hwasong fortress was developed and instructional strategy was designed. The material contained convergent and divergent scientific inquiry activities. The goal of the activity was to help students to build scientific perspectives on the historical heritage, so they can evaluate the scientific excellency of historical heritage. The subjects were ten ninth grade students of middle school science club in Seoul. A questionnaire, "evaluation of scientific excellency of historical heritage" was administered before and after the field trip. From the analysis of a change in perspective by field trip, it was investigated how the scientific perspective on historical heritages was developed. The first draft of material for science field trip of Hwasong fortress was developed based on science education experts' discussion. The material has three parts; activities before the trip, activities during the trip and activities after trip. Instructor's guide has the same structure. Before the field trip, students watched the videotape and learned the short history lesson about Hwasong fortress to develop familiarity. During the trip, there were exploring stage and intensive inquiring stage. These activities were designed to develop scientific perspective on historical heritage. After the field trip, evaluation activity about scientific value of Hwasong was done based on the activities done during the trip. After the science field trip of Hwasong fortress, most of students showed positive changes. Some of them reflected on their previous thoughts. Some recognized the necessity of the proper criteria for scientific excellency of historical heritage. All changed in their perspective on evaluating scientific aspects on historical heritage, such as considering the social environment, scientific principles and the influence of science and technology of that age on the society, when the fortress was built. These results show that the science field trip focused on the criteria for evaluating the scientific excellency of historical heritage was significant in helping students to develop the scientific perspective on historical heritage.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.308-322
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climacteric symptoms and management of menopause of middle -aged women. The subjects of this study were 261 women(40 to 60 years old). Data were collected from Jun. 1 to Jul. 15, 2001 by a structured questionnaire. The instruments employed were : 1) The Climacteric Symptoms Scale developed by Aeri Song and Eun soon Chung(1998). 2) The Management of Menopause Scale developed by Aeri Song(1997). The data were analyzed by the SPSS p.c. program using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Mean score of climacteric symptoms was $2.18{\pm}0.39$(Maximum 4, Minimum 1). The mean scores among the categories of climacteric symptoms, in descending order, were : a) physical and physiological reactions ($2.62{\pm}0.53$), b) social and family relationships ($2.23{\pm}0.50$), c) psychiatric and psychological reactions ($2.08{\pm}0.49$), d) relationship with sexual partner($1.73{\pm}0.54$), e) genitourinary reactions ($1.72{\pm}0.55$). 2. Mean score of management of menopause was $1.79{\pm}0.45$ (Maximum 4, Minimum 1). The mean scores among the categories of management of menopause, in descending order, were : a) dietary management($2.57{\pm}0.52$), b) self control ($2.24{\pm}0.57$), c) management of exercise and physical activity($2.14{\pm}0.75$), d) management of sex life($1.71{\pm}0.47$), e) management of professional health maintenance($1.61{\pm}0.59$). 3. There were statistically significant differences in the score of middle-aged women's self reported climacteric symptoms according to : a) occupation (t=-2.79, p<0.001) b) marriage state (t=-2.29, p<0.05) c) age of menarche (F=4.66, p<0.001) d) method of Sanhujori (post natal care & treatment) (F=4.22, p<0.001) e) hormone replacement therapy (t=-3.09, p<0.05). From the above statistics, several significant findings were noted : a) There were more climacteric symptoms from those who were unemployed, those who had no partner or were divorced and those who started a menarche earlier. b) There were less climacteric symptoms reported from those on hormone replacement therapy and those who followed their parents or parents-in-law advice regarding Sanhujori (postnatal care) 4. There were statistically significant differences in the score of middle-aged women's self reported management of menopause according to : The educational background (F=7.63, p<0.001), religion (F=3.74, p<0.001), income (F=3.65, p<0.001), number of parity (F=4.87, p<0.001), method of Sanhujori(postnatal care) (F=5.73, p<0.001), period of Sanhujori (postnatal care) (F=2.81, p<0.05), hormone replacement therapy (t=3.81, p<0.001). Women with higher educational background, strong religion, higher income, large number of parity, managed their post natal care well, were on HRT, managed their menopause significantly better than the others who took part in the survey. 5. It will be noted from the above that women's degree of climacteric symptoms showed a negative correlation to the management of menopause(r=-0.2146, p<0.001). The findings shown above suggest the need to develop a variable management of menopause, in order to improve climacteric symptoms of middle-aged women. It is hoped that the above findings will stimulate more detailed research into this matter, and thereby enable guidance to be given to women going through the menopause to cope with it in a less stressful way.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.380-388
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• 2005

Background : Acute drug intoxication has recently become an important issue in the social and clinical areas. There are various complications associated with acute drug intoxication such as pneumonia, but the process is was not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze our cases of pneumonia associated with acute drug intoxication and to determine the associated risk factors. Methods : Forty four cases out of 237 patients, who were acute drug intoxicated from May 2000 to Feb. 2005, were diagnosed with pneumonia at the Konyang University hospital. These cases were analyzed by a retrospective review of their medical records. Results : The incidence of pneumonia in acute drug intoxication was 18.6%. There was no gender difference in terms of the incidence, but the age group with the highest incidence was in the $5^{th}$ decade (22.5%) followed by the $7^{th}$ decade (17.9%). Most common drug of associated with pneumonia was organophosphate insecticides, and the others were herbicides. Suicidal attempts were the most common motive of intoxication. The incidence of pneumonia was increased in old age (${\beta}=0.128$, p<0.05). A drowsy or comatous mental status was an independent risk factors of pneumonia (${\beta}=-0.209$, p=0.006). A longer hospital duration was also a risk factor for pneumonia (${\beta}=0.361$, p<0.001). The intubated state, intensive care unit care and longer duration of admission correlated with the course of pneumonia in acute drug intoxicated patients (p<0.05). The culture study revealed MRSA to be most common pathogen. Conclusion : The incidence of pneumonia associated with acute drug intoxication was higher in the older aged patients, those with a decreased initial mental status and a longer hospital duration. The number of days in the intensive care unit and intubation were associated prognostic factors for pneumonia in acute drug intoxication patients.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship that adolescent stress perception level has with dietary habits and oral health behaviors in high school students. A survey of high school students in some areas of the Jeollabuk-do province of South Korea was conducted. Five hundred fourteen survey responses were used in the final analysis. As a result of the questionnaire survey, the following conclusions were obtained. The highest stress type was indicated to be academic stress (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD], $3.09{\pm}0.89$). The next was shown to be home (family) stress (mean${\pm}$SD, $2.85{\pm}0.84$). The possibility of using a dental clinic was indicated to be less in girls than boys (p<0.001). Regarding subjective oral health behavior, the possibility of visiting a dental clinic was low in those who thought that their own oral health condition was not good or moderate (p<0.05). Also, it was shown that the higher stress led to the higher possibility of visiting a dental clinic (p<0.01). Students with higher grades had a in the upper ranks were indicated to have high possibility of having a regular meal (p<0.01). Higher stress led to the significantly higher possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01). Students with median grades had a high possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.01), while students with higher grades had a low possibility of eating cariogenic food (p<0.05). These resultss show that stress perception level influences dietary habits and oral health behaviors. Thus, there is a need to develop a program in high scholls to promote the physical and mental health of students to relieve stress. Substantial and systematic oral health education is thought to be likely needed to develop desirable dietary habits.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.15-59
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• 1992

After world war II Japanese life expectancy has been improved remarkably, and reached the highest level in the world around late 1970's. The life expectancy of Korean has also shown tremendous improvement in recent years with about 20 year's gap from the Japanese. The reason of rapid improvement of life expectancy can be explained by changes in the structure of cause of death due to health system, living standard, social welfare, health behavior of individuals and so on. Korean in Japan is placed under different situations from both Korean in Korea and Japanese in these regards, and expected to show different picture of cause of death pattern. The objective of this study is the comparision of changing patterns of cause of death of three population groups, Korean in Japan, Korean in Korea and Japanese, and to investigate the reasons which effect to the structural difference of mortality cause with special emphasis on health ecological aspects. One of the major limitations of the Korean causes of death statistics is the under-registration which ranges about 10% of the total events, and inaccuracy of the exact cause of death. Some 20% of registered deaths were unable to classify by ICD. However, it is concluded that the Korean data are evaluated as sufficient to stand for over-viewing of trends of cause of death pattern. The evaluation is done by comparing data from registration and field survey over the same population sample. Population data of Korean in Japan differ between two sources of data; census and foreigner's registration. Correction is done by life table method under the assumption that age-specific mortality pattern would accord with that of the Japanese. The crude death rate was lowest among Korean in Japan, 5.7 deaths per 1,000 population in 1965. The crude death rates of Korean in Japan and Japanese are increasing recently influenced by age structure while Korean in Korea still shows decreasing tendency. The adjusted death rate is lowest among Japanese, followed by Korean in Japan, and Korean in Korea. The leading causes of death of Korean in Korea until 1960's was infectious diseases including pneumonia and tuberculosis. The causes of death structure changed gradually to accidents, neoplasm, hypertensive disease, cerebro-vascular disease in order. The main difference in cause of death between Korean and Japanese if high rate of liver diseases and diabetes for both Korean in Japan and Korea. A special feature of cause of death among Korean in Korea is remakably high rate of hypertensive disease, which is assumed to be caused by physicians tendency in choosing diagnostic categories. The low ischemic heart disease and high vasculo-cerebral disease are the distinctive characteristic of the three population groups compared to western countries. Specific causes of death were selected for detailed sex, age and ethnic group comparisons based on their high death rates. Cancer is the cause of death which showed most dramatical increase in all three population groups. In Korea 20.1% of all death were caused by cancer in 1990 compared with 10.5% in 1981. Cancer of the liver is the leading cause of cancer death among Korean in Japan for both sexes, followed by cancer of the lung and cancer of the stomach, while that of Korean in Korea is cancer of the stomach, followed by cancer of the liver and cancer of the lung for male. Causes of infant mortality were examined among the three population groups since 1980 on yearly bases. For both Japanese and Korean in Japan, leading cause of death ranks as conditions originating in the perinatal period, congenital anomalies, accidents and other violent causes. Trends since 1980 for these two population groups in the leading cause of infant mortality showed no changes. On the contrary, significant changes in leading cause of death structure in Korea were observed : the ranking of leading cause of death in 1981 were congenital asnomalies, pneumonia bronchitis, infectious disease, heart disease, conditions originating in the perinatal period, accident and other violent causes ; in 1990 the ranking shifted to congenital anomalies, accident, pneumonia bronchities, conditions originating in the perinatal period, infectious disease. The mortality rate by congenital anomalies in Korea continuously grew than any other causes. Larger increase ocurred during the 1990's

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.184-228
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• 1998

This study reviews the relationship between son preference and fertility behavior, and infant and chlid mortality in the context of fertility and mortality decline. In Korea the situation reveals that fertility can decline to a very low level even in the presence of strong son preference, but son preference has certain effects on fertility and childhood mortality. The effect of son preference on fertility increased as the level of fertility declined. Our findings show that son preference causes excess female childhood mortality both directly and indirectly through fertility. Also, in Korea, the analysis reveals that female children suffer excessively high level of mortality and part of the excess mortality is due to parents' behavior on family building related to the effort to secure the birth of a son.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.137-157
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• 2019

Companies are trying to use enterprise SNS for collaboration and speedy decision-making. This study verified the mediating effect of communication between enterprise SNS and job performance, and proved the moderating effect of nationality between enterprise SNS and communication. This study collected survey data of 81 Korean and 81 Chinese from employees who have used enterprise SNS in Korea and China. As results of data analysis, first, enterprise SNS improved job performance through speedy information sharing and error reduction. Second, communication mediated the effect of enterprise SNS on job performance. Third, enterprise SNS increased the level of organizational communication through decreasing the burden of offline face-to-face communication. Compared with Chinese corporate organizations, Korean corporate organizations have high power distances, centralized control, and high superior authority. Therefore, in the off-line communication situation, the subordinate feels the social pressure to follow the command of the superior. Thus communication is one-way and closed. In this Korean organizational situation, corporate SNS can be used as a means to bypass rigid offline communication. In the online communication environment of non face-to-face corporate SNS, anxiety and stress of face-to-face communication can be reduced, so communication between the upper and lower sides can flow more smoothly. The contribution of this paper is that it proved that enterprise SNS promotes communication and improve job performance by reducing the anxiety or stress of offline communication, while according to prior research successful adoption of many types of information systems requires the fit between an organization and its organizational culture.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.52
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• pp.73-91
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• 2017

This study is based on the political and economic standpoint of each country, Use advanced equipment to prevent new terrorism from causing widespread damage, In order to establish a countermeasures against terrorism in accordance with the reality of Korea, which is effective in responding to terrorist attacks, Korea conducted a SWOT analysis of the terrorist environment and terrorist environment through specialists. First, internal strengths of Korea 's terrorist environment include stable security situation, weakness of religious and ethnic conflicts, strong regulation and control of firearms, and counter terrorism capabilities and know - how accumulated during major international events. Second, the internal weaknesses of the terrorist environment in Korea include the insecurity of the people, the instability caused by the military confrontation with North Korea, the absence of anti-terrorism law system, the difficulty of terrorism control and management by the development of the Internet and IT technology. Third, the external opportunities for Korea 's terrorist environment are as follows: ease of supplementation and learning through cases of foreign terrorism failure, ease of increase of terrorist budget and support with higher terrorism issues, strengthening of counterterrorism through military cooperation with allied nationsRespectively. Fourth, the external threats to the terrorist environment in Korea are the increase of social dissatisfaction due to the continuous influx of defectors and foreign workers, the goal of terrorism from international terrorist organizations through alliance with the United States,Increased frequency of incidents, and increased IS coverage of terrorism around the world. In addition, the SWOT in - depth interviews on the terrorist environment of the expert group were conducted to diagnose and analyze the problems, terrorism awareness and legal system in the Korean terror environment. The results of the study are summarized as follows.First, the basic law on terrorism should be enacted.Second, the establishment of an integrated anti-terrorism organization.Third, securing and nurturing specialized personnel in response to terrorism.