• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.74-82
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with moderate chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods: Electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP were included in the study. Full-mouth plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed. The GCF was collected, and its volume and levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 were assessed. These parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after SRP. The sample size was estimated, and comparisons between groups were performed. P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Thirty-six electronic cigarette users (47.7±5.8 years old) and 35 non-smokers (46.5±3.4 years old) with CP were included. At baseline, there were no differences in plaque index (PI), PD, CAL, MBL, and GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 between electronic cigarette users and nonsmokers. At the 3-month follow-up, there were no significant differences in PI, gingival index (GI), PD, CAL, and MBL in electronic cigarette users compared to baseline, while there were significant reductions in PI, GI, and PD among non-smokers. At the 3-month follow-up, GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in both groups (P<0.05) compared to baseline. The increases in GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in non-smokers (P<0.05) than in electronic cigarette users at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: Levels of GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 increased after SRP in electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP; however, the anti-inflammatory effect of SRP was more profound in non-smokers than in electronic cigarette users.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2005

Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke by a person, especially a non-smoker, who occupies and area with smokers or a smoker. Passive smoking may cause eye and nose irritation, sore throat, headache, cough to everyone, and it is known that non-smokers have the same kinds of illness with smokers. Smoking rate among the adults aged over 20 in Korea is higher than that of the US or European conturies. Therefore we suppose that Koreans may be exposured to passive smoking than the people of other conturies. It is necessary that people have the knowledge on the heath problems caused by passive smoking and on prevention from the involuntary inhalation of tobacco smoke. I propose that the smokers should be informed the importance of smoking cessation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
• /
• 2002.04a
• /
• pp.6-8
• /
• 2002

Many adolescents stay long time in the PC game room and are exposed to much of tobacco smoke. To evaluate the effect of passive smoking in the PC game room, airborne nicotine concentrations and urinary cotinine concentrations were measured for 20 adolescents at 2 PC game rooms in Sung-nam city. And the subjects were interviewed for duration and time in PC game room and smoking pattern. Subjects are composed of each of 10 smokers(5 males and 5 females) and 10 non-smokers(5 males and 5 females). They stayed for three hours in the PC game room without smoking. Concentrations of nicotine in smokers and non-smokers were 129.72 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 99.99 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. Urinary cotinine concentrations were increased as time goes on after exposure to nicotine and showed maximum value at 9.45 hours after nicotine exposure and were 32.21 and 110.66 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for non-smoker and smokers. Urinary cotinine has a tendency to be increased by passive smoking. Therefore, it is recommended that the effective control for indoor air quality and extensive research be needed to reduce nicotine concentration by passive smoking in the PC game room.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.29 no.1 s.52
• /
• pp.113-131
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations among workers' general characteristics, work-related behaviors and health related behaviors in a steel industry with 1,134 workers in Pohang. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of workers was 50 years old and working duration was 15 years and over. Most of them were married(94.5%) and had studied beyond high school (53.0%). They performed three shift work and most of them(63.0%) had experienced industial accidents. The frequency of noise and dust exposure was defined by a minimum of 6 hours per day, and workers complained about noise exposure(62.9%) and dust(55.6%). There were current smokers(67.7%), current drinkers(74.3%) and current exercising workers(32.3%) in the industry. The number of cigarette consumption in current drinkers was significantly high $(13.6{\pm}8.4\;pieces/day)$ and the alcohol consumption in current smokers was significantly high$(104.5{\pm}113.5\;g/wk)$. And the number of cigarette consumption of exercisers was significantly low and the alcohol consumption of exercisers was higher than non-exercisers. 3. The ratio of current smokers on frequent noise in exposed workers versus non-exposed workers was not significantly high but the current drinkers in frequent noise and dust exposed workers was significantly higher than non-exposed. 4. The normal levels of SGOT workers in non-smokers were significantly higher than in current smokers, and the normal levels of LFT (SGOT, SGPT, $\gamma-GTP$ workers in nondrinkers were significantly high. The normal levels of SBP and DBP workers in current smokers were not significantly high but were significantly high in non-drinkers. 5. The ratio of current smokers in voters unsatisfied with their job and working condition was higher than non-smokers, but the ratio of current drinkers in workers satisfied with their job and working condition were higher. 6. The significant factors for SGOT and $\gamma-GTP$ were age, the drinking amount and BMI. But the only significant factor for r-GTP was BMI. The significant factors for DBP were age, the alcohol consumption and BMI. And the significant factors for SBP were age, BMI.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to explore the influence of combining "non-halal" labels with visual and textual warning labels on cigarette packages to induce the intention to quit smoking and boost the stop-smoking campaign. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines"non-halal" labeling on cigarette packages using an experimental method. A total of 120 smokers, aged 18-23, were chosen from among Universitas Indonesia students. Data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and T-Test. Results - The use of a "non-halal" label as a warning on cigarette packages is more effective to influence Muslim smokers to quit smoking. The results also suggest that "non-halal" labels more effectively increase intentions to quit smoking when use din combination with textual-visual labels. Conclusions - The study found that the addition of "non-halal" labels in textual or textual-visual warning labels on cigarette packages would significantly increase the intention of Moslems smokers to quit smoking. These results support previous research findings, that if cigarettes are labeled as "non-halal" (haram) products for Moslem teenagers, it will induce them to quit smoking.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.11 no.7
• /
• pp.164-171
• /
• 2021

This study analyzed the post-exercise cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and recovery time through smoker's short - term smoking cessation and trunk stabilization exercise for 72 hours. We analyzed the effect of trunk stabilization exercise on the cardiopulmonary function of smokers and non-smokers. As a result, it was found that both smokers and non-smokers groups showed significant changes in pulmonary function (FVC, SVV, MVV), maximal oxygen uptake, recovery time Difference. This suggests that the trunk stabilization exercise may have a positive effect on the cardiopulmonary function of short-term non-smokers as well as non-smokers for a short period of time, and a more stable and effective method for preventing and improving the reduction of cardiorespiratory function

• Journal of the Health Care and Life Science
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.157-162
• /
• 2022

Smoking is known to be a causative factor of periodontal disease in addition to drinking alcohol. However, studies on microorganisms in oral cavity according to smoking status are currently very poor. In this study, 30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers were selected for university students. It was statistically significant that Streptococcus mutans, Prevotella intermedia were detected more frequently in smokers with 30% compared to non-smokers with 7%, and was detected in subjects that engaged in tooth brushing fewer than three times a day with 20%(p<0.05). P. intermedia was significant in that more bacteria were detected in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.05). As continuous smoking directly stimulates the oral cavity, bacteria that can cause oral disease may appear more dominant than in non-smokers. Furthermore, it is expected that it will have a positive effect on students' smoking cessation.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• v.29 no.3_4
• /
• pp.721-741
• /
• 2011

In this paper we have considered a dynamical mathematical model of the sub-populations of potential smokers (non-smokers), smokers, smokers who temporarily quit smoking, smokers who permanently quit smoking and a class of smoking associated illness by introducing time dependent parameters and distributed time delay to acquire smoking habit. Here, we have established some sufficient conditions on the permanence and extinction of the smoking class in the community by using inequality analytical technique. We have introduced some new threshold values $R_0$ and $R^*$ and further obtained that the smoking class in the community will be permanent when $R_0$ > 1 and the smoking class in the community will be going to extinct when $R^*$ < 1. By Lyapunov functional method, we have also obtained some sufficient conditions for global asymptotic stability of this model. Computer simulations are carried out to explain the analytical findings. The aim of the analysis of this model is to identify the parameters of interest for further study, with a view to informing and assisting policy-maker in targeting prevention and treatment resources for maximum effectiveness.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.489-498
• /
• 1996

In order to investigate the effect of smoking on serum lipid pattern and nutrient intake, the subjects, 134 smokers and 113 nonsmokers, were selected from college men student in Kwangju area. We examined the serum lipid pattern of 15 smokers and 18 non-smokers who agreed to venipunture among the subjects and also examined nutrients intake. The results obtained were as follows ; Mean concentrations of 새심 cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were 187$\pm$12.1mg/dl, 41.5$\pm$1.7mg/dl, and 87.3$\pm$7.4mg/dl in smokers and 182.6$\pm$8.2mg/dl, 45.5$\pm$1.5mg/dl, and 96.3$\pm$4.3mg/dl in nonsmokers, respectively. The total energy intake was 2264kcal/day and mean constitutional rationof protein, fat and carbohydrate was 12.7 : 24.8 : 62.5 in smokes and 2287kcal/day, 14.1 :25.4 : 60.5 in nonsmokers, respctively. Mena daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A were 612.2mg, 15.7mg, 48.2mg 2029.4 IU in smokers and 629.4mg, 15.3mg, 68.4mg 2339.1 IU in nonsmokers, respectively. Vitamin C intake was significantly different at p<0.05 between the smokers and nonsmokers. Intakes of cholesterol, SFA and MUFA were not significantly different between the two groups. Mean daily PUFA intake of smokers and nonsmokers were 5.5g and 6.9g respectively. PUFA intake was significantly different at p<0.05 between the two groups. The results of this study showed that smoking have a tendency to raise coronary heart disease occurrence in the respect of serum lipid levels and vitamin C, PUFA intake were significantly different.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.6769-6773
• /
• 2013

Background: Few local studies have explored the process of adverse transition of smoking stages among adolescents. The present investigation aimed to identify adverse transitions prospectively from the early stages till the escalation of the stages after one year. Materials and Methods: Data were collected in two waves from a cohort of 2,552 adolescents aged 12-13 years old studying in 15 secondary schools based in Kinta, Perak. A multistage sampling method was used to select the schools and a self-administered structured questionnaire was applied to help categorize the participants into five different smoking stages. Nonsmokers were divided into never smokers and susceptible never smokers. Ever-smokers were categorized as experimenters, current smokers or ex-smokers. Results: Among the participants 46.8% were Malay, 33.5% Chinese and 17.1% Indians. At baseline, we had 85.3% non-smokers and 14.6% ever smokers. Incidence of adverse transition among all our participants was 24.1%, with a higher value among male participants (16.8%). A higher proportion of susceptible never smokers and experimenters progressed to current smoking stage compared to never smokers. Conclusions: This study highlights the changes and patterns of adverse transition among adolescents. Male adolescents, those who are susceptible to smoking and those who had already tried experimenting with cigarettes have a higher chance of escalating to a higher smoking stage.