• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays an important role in the development of allergic disorders including asthma. Cigarette smoking was reported to elevate serum IgE level and air pollutants such as $NO_{2}$ have been reported to modulate the immune system including inflammation. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were reported to affect inflammatory diseases including asthma. Therefore, in the present study we tried to investigate whether tobacco smoke or $NO_{2}$ exposure increases the level of IgE and the GST gene polymorphisms are associated with change of IgE level due to tobacco smoke or $NO_{2}$ exposure. We measured urinary cotinine, personal $NO_{2}$ exposure, and serum IgE levels in 300 healthy university students without allergic disorders. Allelic loss of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the GSTP1 (lle105Val) polymorphism were determined by PCR and RFLP. Total serum IgE levels were significantly different according to urinary cotinine levels (P=0.046), while $NO_{2}$ passive dosimeter level and genetic polymorphisms of three GSTs were not associated with total IgE level. Moreover, subjects with cotinine $500\;{\mu}g/g$ creatinine or more showed the highest level of total IgE when they had null type of GSTM1, null type of GSTT1, or variant type of GSTP1 (P<0.05). When we considered IgE level according to urinary cotinine levels in strata with the combinations of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms, the subjects with GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTP1 variant types showed the largest difference between IgE levels of subpopulations according to cotinine levels (P=0.030). However, there was no significant difference between IgE levels of subpopulations according to $NO_{2}$ passive dosimeter levels in any group with combinations of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms. This result suggests that smoking increases allergic response measured as IgE level and combinations of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorph isms modify the effect of smoking on serum IgE level.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

There is increasing evidence suggestion that passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other disease, though the potential health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a controversial subject. Since smoking in restaurant is prevalent in Korea, the concern on passive smoking exposure of non-smoking service-workers has been requested. ETS exposure of non-smoking service-workers at restaurant was assessed because they hare spent their times in restaurant indoors. The purpose of this study was feasibility of nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) as exposure marker of ETS. The results of the study were as follows; 1. Average $NO_2$ concentrations in indoor and outdoor t restaurants were 57.1ppb(${\pm}12.4$) and 54.29ppb(${\pm}9.54$), respectively. Comparing office-workers, service-workers at restaurants were exposured highly. 2. The personal $NO_2$ measurement as exposure marker of ETS could cause the exposure error because $NO_2$ can be generated by combustion appliances in indoor. 3. Service-workers spent their most time(86.6%) in indoor. Mean time spent at restaurant indoors and at home was 9.4 hours and 10.9 hours, respectively. 4. Personal $NO_2$ levels correlated with indoor $NO_2$ concentrations of restaurant (r=0.70) and of their home (r=0.52) rather than of outdoor $NO_2$ concentration of restaurant (r=0.35). The cause of personal $NO_2$ exposure of non-smoking service-workers were considered as smoking of guests and combustion appliance indoors. 5. personal $NO_2$ exposures were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation and time-weighted model. Estimated personal $NO_2$ level was 47.25ppb(${\pm}8.3$).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.459-471
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• 2010

The main behavioural and environmental risk factors for cancer mortality in the world are related to diet and physical inactivity, use of addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health, exposure to air pollution and use of contaminated needles. The population attributable fraction for all cancer sites worldwide considering the joint effect of these factors is about 35% (34 % for low- and middle-income countries and 37% for high-income countries). Seventy-one percent of lung cancer deaths are caused by tobacco use (lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally). The combined effects of tobacco use, low fruit and vegetable intake, urban air pollution, and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels cause 76% of lung cancer deaths. Exposure to these behavioural and environmental factors is preventable; modifications in lifestyle could have a large impact in reducing the cancer burden worldwide. The evidence of association between lifestyle factors and cancer, as well as the main international recommendations for prevention are briefly reviewed and commented upon here.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2002년도 춘계 국제 학술대회
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• pp.6-8
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• 2002

Many adolescents stay long time in the PC game room and are exposed to much of tobacco smoke. To evaluate the effect of passive smoking in the PC game room, airborne nicotine concentrations and urinary cotinine concentrations were measured for 20 adolescents at 2 PC game rooms in Sung-nam city. And the subjects were interviewed for duration and time in PC game room and smoking pattern. Subjects are composed of each of 10 smokers(5 males and 5 females) and 10 non-smokers(5 males and 5 females). They stayed for three hours in the PC game room without smoking. Concentrations of nicotine in smokers and non-smokers were 129.72 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 99.99 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. Urinary cotinine concentrations were increased as time goes on after exposure to nicotine and showed maximum value at 9.45 hours after nicotine exposure and were 32.21 and 110.66 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for non-smoker and smokers. Urinary cotinine has a tendency to be increased by passive smoking. Therefore, it is recommended that the effective control for indoor air quality and extensive research be needed to reduce nicotine concentration by passive smoking in the PC game room.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2020

Purpose: Workers with chronic health problems find it difficult to maintain their work because of socioeconomic difficulties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between physical, ergonomic, and mental health hazards in the workplace and chronic health problems of Korean workers. Methods: A total of 28,807 wage workers participated in the study and were selected using the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between physical, ergonomic, and mental health hazards and chronic health problems. Results: Of the participants, 1,220 (4.23%) had chronic health problems. Even after adjusting the general characteristics, vibration, noise, high temperature, low temperature, dust, chemical and cigarette smoke, fatigue and painful posture, dragging or pushing or moving of heavy objects, repetitive hand or arm movements, working with a computer or smartphone, use of internet or e-mail, and anxiety situations increased the risk of chronic health problems. Conclusion: The study reaffirms that exposure of physical, ergonomic, and mental health hazards in the workplace significantly increases the risk of chronic health problems.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2023

Canine lymphoma (cL) is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs. Various determinants have been evaluated to find the predisposing factors in both human and canine lymphoma. Due to common risk factors and similar pathways, cL is considered a potential model for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in humans. In this case-series study, major hospitals in Tehran consented to take part in this study and between the years of 2020-2022, provided us with 52 cL cases which were approved by the attended pathologist. We designed a questionnaire and collected information about the dogs and their owners. Most of the owners were women, young (younger than 50 years old), had at least diplomas and interestingly were housewives or househusbands. Male dogs with middle to old age (more than 6 years) were mostly referred. The most common characteristics were neutered, normal BCS, purebred, urban but not industrial residence, previous tobacco smoke exposure but no history of previous fungicide or pesticide exposure. Also, most of them did not have any previous autoimmune or immunosuppressive diseases. Presented characteristics should be considered risk determinants but to approve their validity, they should be further evaluated in epidemiological studies.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2014

본 연구는 제4차 국민건강영양조사 자료를 바탕으로 직장 및 가정 내 간접흡연에 노출되는 자를 연구대상으로 하였다. 대상자들을 성별, CPI 및 간접흡연 노출여부를 기준으로 비교 분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 간접흡연 노출자는 남성 380명, 여성 1,519명으로 조사되었으며, 간접흡연 노출여부에 따른 코티닌 농도는 노출군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 둘째, 치은염(CPI 1, 2)과 간접흡연의 관계는 남성은 치과방문횟수(p<0.001), 여성은 연령(p<0.001) 및 치과방문횟수(p<0.001)와 관계가 있었다. 셋째, 치주염(CPI 3, 4)와 간접흡연의 관계는 남성은 연령(p<0.001), 여성은 연령(p<0.001), 간접흡연 노출여부(p<0.001)와 관계가 있었다. 넷째, 치주상태에 따른 치주상태별(CPI 1~4) 코티닌 농도 차이는, 남성은 CPI 1, CPI 4에서, 여성은 모든 CPI 군에서 노출여부에 따른 큰 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 간접흡연 노출여부가 여성의 치주상태에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이로써 효과적인 치주치료는 물론 국민 구강건강증진을 위해 간접흡연 위해성을 확대 고취시키고 비흡연자를 보호할 수 있는 적극적인 금연정책이 실행되어야 할 것으로 고려된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2008

실내 환경 오염원으로 각종 암 발병과 관련이 있는 흡연이 피부 피지샘의 glycoconjugates에 미치는 영향을 lectin 조직화학으로 연구하였다. Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐에 1일 1회 10분간 1일군, 2일군, 3일군 및 5일군으로 나누어 직?간접 흡연 방법으로 폭로시켜 피지샘 형태는 PAS 염색, 피지샘의 glycoconjugates 양상을 9종의 biotinylated lectin (DBA, SBA, PNA, BSL-1, WGA, RCA-1, UEA-1, Con A 및 LCA)으로 연구하였다. 대조군에 비해 흡연군에서는 피지샘꽈리의 크기 감소, 피지샘꽈리 상부의 파괴, 중앙부 피지세포의 공포화 및 미성숙 피지샘꽈리가 관찰되었다. 대조군에서 피지샘 glycoconjugates에는 염색성에 차이가 있으나 기저세포는 BSL-1, PNA 및 WGA에만 반응하고 BSL-1의 반응이 더 강하며, 피지세포는 PNA, WGA, Con A, BSL-1 및 SBA에만 반응하고 PNA 및 Con A의 반응이 더 강했다. 흡연군의 렉틴 반응에서 특이적인 변화가 관찰되었다. 흡연군의 피지샘 기저세포의 PNA 반응은 증가되었고, BSL-1는 감소되었다가 회복되었으며, WGA는 소실되었다. 피지세포의 Con A는 증가하였으나 PNA, BSL-1, WGA 및 SBA는 감소 또는 소실되었다. 대조군에 관찰되지 않던 흡연군의 미성숙 샘꽈리 PNA, on A 및 BSL-1이 반응하였으며 PNA 및 Con A의 반응이 더 현저하였다. 결론적으로 흡연은 피지샘의 형태 및 glycoconjugates 대사에 심한 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3635-3639
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• 2013

Background: Conclusive evidence exists about associations between several life-threatening diseases and passive smoking. The objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of passive smoking among Iranian dental students, to assess their attitudes towards tobacco control programs, and to explore the association between these two and tobacco use. Methods: In eight randomly selected dental schools, all fourth-year students were surveyed by means of a self-administered anonymous questionnaire in December 2010. The Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) questionnaire served as the data collection instrument. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was assessed during the previous week. Chi-square test, logistic regression, and linear regression served for statistical analyses. Results: The response rate was 84% (325 students, 66% female). Exposure to ETS was reported by 74% of the participants. Men were significantly more exposed to ETS at home, and in other places than were women. Most of the students agreed on queried tobacco control policies. The lowest agreement (72%) was for banning smoking in coffee shops and teahouses. A logistic regression model showed that adjusted for gender, passive smoking at home is significantly associated with current tobacco use. A linear regression model suggested that the total score of attitudes is significantly associated with passive smoking at home, passive smoking in other places, tobacco use experience, and current tobacco use. Conclusions: The study reports high exposure to ETS among dental students, and its association with current tobacco use and attitudes towards tobacco control.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

Objectives: There is considerable evidence that polluted ambient air contributes to the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the variation in heartbeat intervals and has been reported as a biological marker of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the existing literature in order to examine the association between air pollution and HRV. Methods: Literature was searched using Web of Science with the key words of "air pollution", "heart rate variability" and other related terms. A total of 156 articles were listed. For review, 21 of those listed publications were chosen after excluding studies regarding chamber studies, occupational environment, secondhand smoke and automobile exhaust. Results: Research methods employed in the publications were classified by type of participants (elderly/adult), air pollution monitoring (ambient/personal) and HRV monitoring (continuous/spot). Among HRV parameters, power in the low frequency range (LF), power in the high frequency range (HF) and standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) were all associated with air pollutants. The chosen studies were mostly based on elderly populations. In studies based on continuous HRV monitoring, LF and SDNN significantly decreased when $PM_{2.5}$ exposure increased. Conclusion: Continuous HRV monitoring combined with personal exposure monitoring has been one of the most common study methods in recent publications. We expect that this review will be useful for the study of the association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects using HRV.