• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.4 s.64
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

Nowadays in Korea, KS F 2271 has been using for the test of fire safety performance of sandwich panels. Smoke toxicity test is the test for the toxicity evaluation of smoke and hazardous gas, caused by combustion of building materials and finishing materials. Smoke toxicity can be evaluated by the mean incapacitation time of mice; however this method is not a quantitative way. This test result can be influenced by the health status of mice and test condition. Specific optical density can be quantitatively measured by ISO 5659-2 single chamber method and toxic gases can be quantitatively measured by FTIR analysis. In this study, specific optical density of sandwich panel insulations, which are widely used in Korea, were tested using the ISO 5659-2 single chamber test method and compared with each test. Also, in the second test of three tests for each specimen, FTIR analysis was performed and quantitative test results(HCl, $NO_2$, etc) were compared with each test result.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1235-1242
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• 2016

Background: A school-based smoke free home (SFH) program is useful in empowering the mother and child to reduce secondhand smoke exposure but the effects of pretesting on knowledge and attitude has been largely ignored. We aimed to test whether such a program can be effective in Southern Thailand with an additional assessment of the net effect of the pretest. Materials and Methods: A Solomon four-group design was used. Twelve rural primary schools were assigned to one of the four conditions (each with 3 schools): intervention with and without a pretest, control with and without the same pretest. The intervention was performed in the classroom and home over a period of 1 month. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the intervention on whether the home was smoke free and related knowledge and attitude. Results: The intervention could lead to a smoke-free home without statistical significance. Attitude, knowledge and self-confidence on creating a smoke-free home, and self-confidence in avoidance of secondhand smoke exposure and persuading smokers to not smoke in their home were significantly improved. No pretest effect was observed. Conclusions: Gain in attitude, knowledge and self-confidence among family members from the brief school-based education should be enhanced by other measures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

The fire testing performed for smoke detector model approval in Korea tests only one kind of fire smoke. A photoelectric spot-type smoke detector using Mie scattering is affected by the wavelength of light beam and the particle diameter. According to UL (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.) 268 standard, this paper analyze the characteristic of the response for a photoelectric spot-type smoke detector on sale in Korea using various fire smokes. Probability that the response time is included in non-defective range is 100% in paper fire, 90% in wood fire and 75% in flammable liquid fire, 90% in wood fire and 75% in flammable liquid fire. According to the estimation for population mean of the response time choosing a confidence level of 99%, a maximum of 19% for wood fire and that of 38% for flammable liquid fire are defective. As the result of analysis of smoke particle, this paper is found that these results are caused by the smoke particles are wide variations in size or have very black.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

Owing to the increase in price of cigarettes in Korea, herbal cigarettes have received increasing attention as a non-smoking aid; however, its safety has hardly been studied. We analyzed some of the toxic components in the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarettes, performed a mutagenicity test on smoke condensates for safety assessment, and compared the results with the corresponding values of a general cigarette with the same tar content. Herbal cigarette "A" was smoked using automatic smoking machine under ISO conditions in a manner similar to general cigarette "T". The tar content measured was higher than that inscribed on the outside of a package. The mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette "A" did not contain detectable levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nicotine. Carbon monoxide and benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene contents in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T". The phenolic contents such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol in herbal cigarette "A" were higher than those in the general cigarette "T", but cresol contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The content of aromatic amines such as 4-aminobiphenyl in herbal cigarette "A" was higher than that in the general cigarette "T"; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl contents in herbal cigarette "A" were lower than those in the general cigarette "T". The smoke condensates of herbal cigarette "A" exhibited a higher mutagenic potential than the condensates from the general cigarette "T" at the same concentration. We concluded that the mainstream smoke of herbal cigarette contains some toxic components, the smoke condensates of herbal cigarettes are mutagenic similar to general cigarette because of combustion products, and that the evaluation of the chemical and biological safety of all types of herbal cigarettes available on the market.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a new real-time algorithm detecting the flame and smoke in digital CCTV images. Because the forest fire causes the enormous human life and damage of property, the early management according to the early sensing is very important. The proposed algorithm for monitoring forest fire is classified into the flame sensing and detection of smoke. The flame sensing algorithm detects a flame through the conditional test at YCbCr color model from the single frame. For the detection of smoke, firstly the background range is set by using differences between current picture and the average picture among the adjacent frames in the weighted value, and the pixels which get out of this range and have a gray-scale are detected in the smoke area. Because the proposed flame sensing algorithm is stronger than the existing algorithms in the change of the illuminance according to the quantity of sunshine, and the smoke detection algorithm senses the pixel of a gray-scale with the smoke considering the amount of change for unit time, the effective early forest fire detection is possible. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance than existing algorithms.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2020

This study was conducted to identify problems in domestic flame-retardant performance specifications. Currently, the domestic wallcovering anti-inflammatory regulations are not prepared for damage caused by smoke, with the carbonized area as the main function. In particular, given that smoke is the main cause of human casualties and injuries in a fire, it is reasonable that the flame density and toxicity of the wallcovering should also be the main performance indicators. The scope and method of research in this study were as follows. First, a prior study related to fire on various wallcoverings was considered. Second, it raised questions about the effects of smoke in the event of a fire and domestic anti-inflammatory performance tests. Third, textile wallcovering samples were manufactured with viscose rayon for experimental verification of the problems and tested by Korean and EU standards without flame retardant processing to analyze the differences between each regulation. Fourth, the performance of flame retardant wallcovering according to Korean standards was evaluated using smoke density and harmful gas testing methods. The results of each test were as follows. Non-fire retardant wallcovering was rejected by Korea standards. However, B-s1.d0 in Europe. Smoke density testing and harmful gas by domestic combustion processing on the same sample showed that the smoke density increased about 4.3 times more than before, and the harmful gas test showed that the suspension of the post-processing sample slowed earlier than the non-processed sample.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.505-511
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference about pathogenesis of smoker and non-smoker. Author used DSOM to investigate oriental pathogenesis. Smoke group is consisted of people who have history of smoke, and they don't have history of lung disease(Athma, tuberculosis, COPD, suchlike). Non-smoke group is consisted of people who have no history of smoke and they also don't have history of lung disease. Author carried out each group's PFT(Pulmonary Function Test) by AST(American Thoracic Society) method. DSOM was used for pathogenesis investigation of two groups. There was significant difference between smoke group and non-smoke group in FVC (p<0.05), and In non-smoke group, there was significant difference between male and famale in FVC, FVC%, FEV1, FEV1%. There was significant difference between smoke group and non-smoke group in Heat(熱), Cold(寒)(p<0.05). In Male grouop there was significant difference between smoker and non-smoker in deficiency of Deficiency of Yin(陰虛), Heat(熱). In non-smoke group comparison of sex, there was significant difference between male and female in Deficiency of blood(血虛), dampness(濕)(p<0.05). This result showed that the difference of pathogenesis between smoke group and non-smoke group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2018

On this Study, it conducts the Standards investigation about air leakage of Buildings for performance improvement of Smoke control in Fire. In domestic standards, it is incomplete the Criteria standards of air leakage. Therefore it is considered that won't limit the smoke spread due to stack effect. But in the case of the United States, it conducts the Hot smoke air-Leakage test and it consider that can prevent the Smoke Spread in Compartment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

In this study, combustion and smoke release characteristics of a non-class 1E cable for nuclear power plants were investigated according to aging period. The aging was reproduced through an accelerated aging method for interval of 10 years :10, 20, 30 and 40 year, which was applied the Arrhenius equation. The cable was subjected to accelerated aging. In order to understand combustion and smoke release characteristics, the cone calorimeter test was performed according to the standard code of KS F ISO 5660-1. Heat release rate, mass loss rate, average rate of heat emission and smoke production rate were examined through cone calorimeter test. Fire performance index, fire growth index and smoke factor were derived from test results for the comparison of quantitative fire risk. When comparing the fire performance index and the fire growth index, the early fire risk tends to decrease as aging progresses, which might be attributed from the fact that the volatile substances of cables were evaporated. However, when comparing the heat release rate, average rate of heat emission and mass loss rate, which represent the mid and late periods of the fire risk, the values of accelerated aging cables were much higher than those of non-aged cable, which signifies the unstable formation of the char layer resulted in the change in the performance of flame retardants. In addition, the results from the smoke characteristics show that the accelerated aging cables were lager than the non-aged cables in terms of overall fire risk. These results can be used as baseline data when assessing fire risk of cables and establishing fire safety code for nuclear power plants.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2021

This study investigated the smoke risk assessment of woods and plastics for construction materials, focusing on the smoke performance index-V (SPI-V), smoke growth index-V (SGI-V), and smoke risk index-VI (SRI-VI) according to a newly designed methodology. Spruce, Lauan, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polycarbonate (PC) were used for test pieces. Smoke characteristics of the materials were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment. The smoke performance index-V calculated after the combustion reaction was found to be 1.0 to 3.4 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke performance index-V was increased in the order of PC, Spruce, Lauan and PMMA. Lauan and PMMA showed similar values. The smoke growth index-V was found to be 1.0 to 9.2 based on PMMA. Smoke risk by smoke growth index-V increased in the order of PMMA, PC, Spruce, and Lauan. COpeak production rates of all specimens were measured between 0.0021 to 0.0067 g/s. In conclusion, materials with a low smoke performance index-V and a high smoke growth index-V cause a high smoke risk from fire. Therefore, it is understood that the smoke risk from fire is high. It is collectively summarized by the smoke risk index-VI.