• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-274
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• 2024

The digitization of ship environments has increased the risk of cyberattacks on ships. The smartization and automation of ships are also likely to result in cyber threats. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has discussed the establishment of regulations at the autonomous level and has revised existing agreements by dividing autonomous ships into four stages, where stages 1 and 2 are for sailors who are boarding ships while stages 3 and 4 are for those not boarding ships. In this study, the level of a smart ship was classified into LEVELs (LVs) 1 to 3 based on the autonomous levels specified by the IMO. Furthermore, a risk assessment for smart ships at various LVs in different risk scenarios was conducted The cyber threats and vulnerabilities of smart ships were analyzed by dividing them into administrative, physical, and technical security; and mitigation measures for each security area were derived. A total of 22 cyber threats were identified for the cyber asset (target system). We inferred that the higher the level of a smart ship, the greater the hyper connectivity and the remote access to operational technology systems; consequently, the greater the attack surface. Therefore, it is necessary to apply mitigation measures using technical security controls in environments with high-level smart ships.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.482-490
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• 2023

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, many companies are developing Smart Ships to enable autonomous navigation, unmanned operation, and cost-effective shipping. In order to facilitate the operation of these Smart Ships, significant emphasis is being placed on improving external communication capabilities and developing autonomous navigation systems. Moreover, unmanned ship operation necessitates replacing of all visually observed conditions with sensors, leading to an inevitable increase in the number of sensors and actuators compared to traditional methods. However, in South Korea, the communication network for sensors and actuators primarily relies on the conventional 1:1 hardwired wiring, with the use of higher-level communication networks when necessary. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce the AS-Interface protocol, which is used for monitoring and controlling sensors and actuators, with the expectation that it will greatly contribute to the development of future Smart Ships by reducing production time, costs, and maintenance duration.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2021

There is a gradual increase in the need for energy charging in marine environments because of energy limitations experienced by electric ships and marine robots. Buoys are considered potential energy charging systems, but there are several challenges, which include the need to maintain a fixed position and avoid hazards, dock with ships and robots in order to charge them, be robust to actions by birds, ships, and robots. To solve these problems, this study proposes a smart buoy robot that has multiple thrusters, multiple docking and charging parts, a bird spike, a radar reflector, a light, a camera, and an anchor, and its mechanism is developed. To verify the performance of the smart buoy robot, the position control under disturbance due to wave currents and functional tests such as docking, charging, lighting, and anchoring are performed. Experimental results show that the smart buoy robot can operate under disturbances and is functionally effective. Therefore, the smart buoy robot is suitable as an energy charging system and has potential in realistic applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.395-398
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• 2017

The Smart Ship is considered one of the most discussed and novel topics in developing technological period. In this reason, the amount of running researches on it is evolving so fast. As a proof, the faced drawbacks such as the departure of ships, their safety, exchanging data, traffic and data monitoring system are being solved by presenting advanced technologies and innovations like Cloud, BigData, IoT and etc. Expanding the utilization of these technologies in the Marine world emphasizes not only the departure of the ships in the water but also they focus on solving the problems of the ships connected with the communication to the ports. In this paper, we present an IoT based smart reporting and mooring system for vessels and ports. In the proposed system, the ships automatically send all the data about themselves to the port and after getting the data, ports automatically send the information about possible spaces to moor for the ships using the sensors at the port. The intended system gives an amenity to minimize the time, effort and the cost while mooring the vessels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.368-369
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• 2018

This paper presents a current status and perspectives of Operation system of SMART-Navigation and LTE-Maritime as major communication infrastructure of SMART-Navigation.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2011

This paper presents the primary conceptual design results of Smart Harbor. As the world trade becomes active, so container cargo volume is increasing constantly. Since the coming of very large container ships, It's necessary that a harbor handles many containers more than before. Therefore, we designed the new concept of SMART HARBOR which overcomes land site problem for port expansion and geographic constraints of very large container ships in harbor.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Recently ships and ocean platforms are becoming increasingly technological, unmanned, and huge. Maintenance and safety monitoring of these products is very important for safety reasons. Therefore, real-time monitoring of safety regions, such as the engine room, and hull structure, and environmental states, like fire and pressure of LNG tanks, is required for the sustainable ships. In this paper, a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network is suggested to monitor ships and ocean platforms effectively. However, this causes some telecommunication problems because these products are made of steel. To resolve this problem, we use the mesh networking of Zig-Bee that can monitor the regions and environmental states consistently. The telecommunication of such a monitoring system is tested on a real container ship and its performance is verified. The real-time monitoring results are displayed on the users' smart devices.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

In line with the sharp increase of container traffic from globalization, ships have become larger with an aim of improving the maritime transport capacity in addition to the growing interest in monitoring danger areas on ships considering the quantity increase of ships, along with the tightening of international standard for ship safety by IMO(international Maritime Organization). Korea established a location based ship accident forecasting and preventing system in 2012 by Korea Coast Guard, however its poor response in ship accidents has been pointed out in the wake of the recent disaster of Sewol ferry. To resolve this problem, this study attempts to design a wearable type, instant emergency response system that has DGPS to issue an alert on danger areas and automatically send ship's location and operation information in emergency situation.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.338-344
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• 2022

Roll moment usually is ignored when analyzing the maneuverability of surface ships. However, it is well known that the influence of roll moment on maneuverability is significant for ships with small metacentric height such as container ships, passenger ships, etc. In this study, a pure roll test is performed to determine the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to roll motion as added mass and damping. The target ship is an autonomous surface ship designed to carry containers with a small drift and large freeboard. The commercial code of STAR CCM+ software is applied as a specialized tool in naval hydrodynamic based on RANS equation for simulating the pure roll of the ship. The numerical uncertainty analysis is conducted to verify the numerical accuracy. By distinguishing the in-phase and out-of-phase from hydrodynamic forces and moments due to roll motion, added mass derivatives and damping derivatives relative to roll angular velocity are obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2008

This paper is to develop a monitoring system with diagnosis for smart cargo sensors that is for management and maintenance of the liquid cargo ships. The main goal of the system is to achieve the total automation system of the cargo sensor. By this study, the active smart sensor for the liquid cargo ships is designed and developed that guarantees high-confidence, stability, and durability. The proposed system consists of a monitoring part of the steam pressure, high-level monitoring, over flowing monitoring, gas monitoring, and tank temperature monitoring. The signals transferred from each unit system are used for sensor diagnosis based on confidence and accuracy. Finally, in this study, the total supervisory monitoring system is developed to maintain and manage the cargo effectively based on fault diagnosis and prognosis of the each sensor system.