• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2021

This paper presents the method to quantitatively evaluate the uncertainty of the semi-empirical Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model for Himawari-8/AHI. The uncertainty of BRDF modeling was affected by various issues such as assumption of model and number of observations, thus, it is difficult that evaluating the performance of BRDF modeling using simple uncertainty equations. Therefore, in this paper, Monte-Carlo method, which is most dependable method to analyze dynamic complex systems through iterative simulation, was used. The 1,000 input datasets for analyzing the uncertainty of BRDF modeling were generated using the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) simulation with MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) BRDF product. Then, we randomly selected data according to the number of observations from 4 to 35 in the input dataset and performed BRDF modeling using them. Finally, the uncertainty was calculated by comparing reproduced surface reflectance through the BRDF model and simulated surface reflectance using 6S RTM and expressed as bias and root-mean-square-error (RMSE). The bias was negative for all observations and channels, but was very small within 0.01. RMSE showed a tendency to decrease as the number of observations increased, and showed a stable value within 0.05 in all channels. In addition, our results show that when the viewing zenith angle is 40° or more, the RMSE tends to increase slightly. This information can be utilized in the uncertainty analysis of subsequently retrieved geophysical variables.

• 천문학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2022

We present a method to determine nitrogen abundance ratios with respect to iron ([N/Fe]) from molecular CN-band features observed in low-resolution (R ~ 2000) stellar spectra obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST). Various tests are carried out to check the systematic and random errors of our technique, and the impact of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of stellar spectra on the determined [N/Fe]. We find that the uncertainty of our derived [N/Fe] is less than 0.3 dex for S/N ratios larger than 10 in the ranges T_eff = [4000, 6000] K, log g = [0.0, 3.5], [Fe/H] = [-3.0, 0.0], [C/Fe] = [-1.0, +4.5], and [N/Fe] = [-1.0, +4.5], the parameter space that we are interested in to identify N-enhanced stars in the Galactic halo. A star-by-star comparison with a sample of stars with [N/Fe] estimates available from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) also suggests a similar level of uncertainty in our measured [N/Fe], after removing its systematic error. Based on these results, we conclude that our method is able to reproduce [N/Fe] from low-resolution spectroscopic data, with an uncertainty sufficiently small to discover N-rich stars that presumably originated from disrupted Galactic globular clusters.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권10호
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• pp.3614-3619
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• 2022

To operate the ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) antennas in a better heating state and produce relatively low impurities, it is necessary to control the antenna spectrum by changing the antenna phasing. As the electrical length of the antenna feeding transmission lines is changing as a matter of the standing wave pattern at the ceramic supports, 90° elbows, T-connectors and antenna loops, we chose to measure the current at the grounding points of the antenna loops by antenna strap probe. The voltage drops along a small, several millimeter-long paths at the end of the antenna loops give a signal that is proportional to the current in the antenna loop. Through the simulation of the antenna strap probe and the actual measurement of the antenna phasing under vacuum conditions, the reliability of the antenna strap probe based diagnostic system have been successfully proved. Moreover, this system was successfully applied to the ICRH daily experiments in the spring of 2021. In the near future, the active real-time feedback control of the antenna phasing system will be developed based on this diagnostic system in the EAST tokamak.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 적으로부터 은밀히 아군에게 통신 신호를 전송하기 위해서 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 기반 돌고래 휘슬음 모방 변조 기법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법은 돌고래 휘슬음을 여러 개의 OFDM 심볼과 대응되는 시간 슬롯들로 나눈 후, 매 슬롯에서 돌고래 휘슬음이 위치한 주파수 대역을 갖는 부반송파에 Differential Phase Shift Keying(DPSK) 심볼을 매핑하여 변조한다. 제안한 방법은 기존의 Chirp Spread Spectrum(CSS)와 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 기반의 돌고래 휘슬음 모방 변조 기법들에서 발생하는 주파수 윤곽의 불연속성을 줄일 수 있고, 변조 차수를 증가시켜도 모방 성능 열화량이 작다는 장점이 있다. 전산 모의실험을 통해 제안 방법의 Bit Error Rate(BER)과 모방 성능이 기존의 CSS와 FSK에 비해 우수함을 보였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.694-702
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 ATSC 기반 무선통신시스템을 비면허대역에서 개인방송시스템으로 활용 가능함을 보였다. 혼/간섭 신호가 존재하는 비면허대역에서 양질의 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 CR 개념을 도입한 채널 적응형 시스템으로 설계하였으며, 폐루프 능동위상배열안테나를 설계하여 연동함으로써 고신뢰성 통신이 가능함을 보였다. USRP기반으로 하는 오픈소스 신호처리 플랫폼인 GNU Radio를 사용하였고 이와 더불어 내부 FPGA에 추가적인 기능을 구현함으로써, 사용자가 원하는 ATSC 기반 개인방송 플랫폼을 쉽고 유연하게 설계하고 수정할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 실시간으로 송수신 간 채널의 상태 및 통신 파라미터 등의 정보를 전송하는 리턴 채널과 스펙트럼 검출을 구현하여 통신 주파수 자원을 효율적으로 관리 및 제어할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.722-727
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 0.25 ㎛의 게이트를 갖는 AlGaN/GaN HEMT를 기반으로 개발된 X-대역 전력 증폭기 MMIC의 특성을 기술한다. 개발된 X-대역 전력 증폭기 MMIC는 9 GHz~10 GHz의 주파수 대역에서 21.6 dB 이상의 소신호 이득과 46.11dBm(40.83 W) 이상의 출력 전력을 가진다. 전력 부가 효율 특성은 43.09%~44.47%이며 칩의 크기는 3.6 mm×4.3 mm이다. 출력 전력 밀도는 2.69 W/mm²를 나타내었다. 개발된 AlGaN/GaN 전력 증폭기 MMIC는 다양한 X-대역 레이더 응용에 적용 가능하다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.657-662
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 나로우주센터에서 운용 중인 원격자료수신장비의 G/T에 대한 시뮬레이션 활용 계산 결과와 측정 방법 2개에 대하여 분석하였다. 안테나 이득과 잡음 온도는 ICARA와 Antenna Noise Temperature Calculator를 이용하여 계산하였다. 시스템 G/T는 안테나 이득/잡음돈도와 LNA 이득/잡음온도, 케이블 손실을 반영하여 산출하였다. 첫 번째 G/T 측정 방법은 Y팩터 측정법으로 LNA 입력단에 안테나와 50ohm 터미네이션을 각각 연결했을 때의 신호 레벨 차이값을 LNA 열잡음 온도와 비교하여 G/T를 산출하는 방법이다. 두 번째 방법은 태양과 최저 레벨 지점을 바라보았을 때의 잡음 레벨 값 차이를 비교하여 G/T를 구하는 Solar Calibration 측정법이다. 마지막으로 G/T 계산결과와 두 측정법 비교를 통해 정확성을 검토하고 이로부터 안테나 성능, 운용환경에 따른 최적 측정법을 제시하였다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 60 nm GaN/Si HEMT 공정을 사용하여 전력증폭기(Power Amplifier)의 설계를 제시하였다. 고주파 설계를 위하여 맞춤형 트랜지스터 모델을 구성하였다. Output stage는 저손실 설계를 위해 마이크로스트립 라인을 사용하여 회로를 구성하였다. 또한 RC 네트워크로 구성된 Bias Feeding Line과 Input bypass 회로의 AC Ground(ACGND) 회로를 각각 적용하여 DC 소스에 연결된 노드의 최소임피던스가 RF회로에 영향을 미치지 않도록 하였다. 이득과 출력을 고려하여 3단의 구조로 설계되었다. 설계된 전력증폭기의 최종 사이즈는 3900 ㎛ × 2300 ㎛ 이다. 중심 주파수에서 설계된 결과는 12 V의 공급 전압에서 15.9 dB의 소 신호 이득, 29.9 dBm의 포화 출력(Psat), 24.2 %의 PAE를 달성하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1245-1252
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• 2022

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells using Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM). Small molecules can enhance reprogramming. Licochalcone D (LCD), a flavonoid compound present mainly in the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata, acts on known signaling pathways involved in transcriptional activity and signal transduction, including the PGC1-α and MAPK families. In this study, we demonstrated that LCD improved reprogramming efficiency. LCD-treated iPSCs (LCD-iPSCs) expressed pluripotency-related genes Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Prdm14. Moreover, LCD-iPSCs differentiated into all three germ layers in vitro and formed chimeras. The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is critical for somatic cell reprogramming. We found that the expression levels of mesenchymal genes (Snail2 and Twist) decreased and those of epithelial genes (DSP, Cldn3, Crb3, and Ocln) dramatically increased in OR-MEF (OG2^+/+/ROSA26^+/+) cells treated with LCD for 3 days, indicating that MET effectively occurred in LCD-treated OR-MEF cells. Thus, LCD enhanced the generation of iPSCs from somatic cells by promoting MET at the early stages of reprogramming.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2023

Among 14 subtypes of serotonin receptors (5-HTRs), 5-HT_2AR plays important roles in drug addiction and various psychiatric disorders. Agonists for 5-HT_2AR have been classified into three structural groups: phenethylamines, tryptamines, and ergolines. In this study, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of phenethylamine and tryptamine derivatives for binding 5-HT_2AR was determined. In addition, functional and regulatory evaluation of selected compounds was conducted for extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and receptor endocytosis. SAR studies showed that phenethylamines possessed higher affinity to 5-HT_2AR than tryptamines. In phenethylamines, two phenyl groups were attached to the carbon and nitrogen (R³ ) atoms of ethylamine, the backbone of phenethylamines. Alkyl or halogen groups on the phenyl ring attached to the β carbon exerted positive effects on the binding affinity when they were at para positions. Oxygen-containing groups attached to R³ exerted mixed influences depending on the position of their attachment. In tryptamine derivatives, tryptamine group was attached to the β carbon of ethylamine, and ally groups were attached to the nitrogen atom. Oxygen-containing substituents on large ring and alkyl substituents on the small ring of tryptamine groups exerted positive and negative influence on the affinity for 5-HT_2AR, respectively. Ally groups attached to the nitrogen atom of ethylamine exerted negative influences. Functional and regulatory activities of the tested compounds correlated with their affinity for 5-HT_2AR, suggesting their agonistic nature. In conclusion, this study provides information for designing novel ligands for 5-HT_2AR, which can be used to control psychiatric disorders and drug abuse.