• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1770-1776
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary glutamine (Gln) supplement on the performance and villus morphology of weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 48 pigs were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% Gln for 28 days. Dietary Gln supplemented levels did not influence performance and plasma Gln concentration of weaned pigs. In Exp. 2, 48 weaned pigs were fed the same treatment diets of Exp. 1 for 7 or 14 days. Dietary Gln supplement reduced the ratio of small intestine weight to empty carcass weight at d 14 postweaning. However, the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio at the duodenum were increased. IgA and protein in the bile from d 7 and d 14 postweaning were higher in the pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% Gln. Plasma IgA concentration was not influenced by dietary Gln levels. In conclusion, dietary Gln supplement might benefit the development of the small intestine and bile IgA production in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1496-1500
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• 2004

In the mammalian ovary the follicular fluid contains proteins and peptides which play an important role in growth, development and maturation of oocytes. The gonadotropins and some other factors work synergistically and regulate ovarian functions. In the present study the effect of follicular fluid proteins (FFP) and gonadotropins on progesterone secretion by granulosa cells (GC) from buffalo ovary, was investigated during culture. The follicular fluid was collected from small (<5 mm), and medium (5-8 mm) follicles obtained from buffalo ovaries. The follicular fluid from medium follicles was fractionated with ammonium sulphate at 80% saturation. The precipitated protein fraction was further resolved in to minor (peaks I, III) and major (peak II) proteins using gel filtration (Sephadex G-200). The FFP from small follicles and major FFP (peak II) at a dose of 200 $\mu$g/well, significantly stimulated progesterone secretion by pooled GC (3${\times}10^{5}$ cells/2 ml medium/well). The minor FFP did not show any stimulatory effect. There was a significant increase in progesterone secretion by pooled GC in presence of FFP and LH (10 ng/well), however, FSH (20 ng/well) with FFP exhibited an inhibitory effect. The major FFP and gonadotropins were also studied for their effect on progesterone production by GC isolated from medium and large size follicles. The GC from medium follicles were more responsive to FSH and FFP whereas GC from large follicles exhibited enhanced progesterone secretion with LH and FFP. These results indicated that FFP have their own stimulatory effect and also act synergistically with gonadotropins. The significantly different response shown by GC, for steroid hormone secretion, is based on their stage of growth and differentiation. The purification and characterization of such steroidogenic proteins may help in elucidating their role in growth and differentiation of granulosa cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5171-5174
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• 2013

Background: This study aimed to explore potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the x-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1-like (CLPTM1L) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) susceptibility in non-smoker Chinese patients. Methods: A total of 200 NSCLC patients and 200 healthy controls with matched age and gender were recruited for genotyping of XRCC1 SNPs (rs2256507 and rs1001581) and CLPTM1L SNPs (rs401681 and rs4975616). Association of these SNPs with NSCLC risk was evaluated by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses with adjustment for gender and age. Results: The frequencies of genotype and allele in these four loci (rs2256507, rs1001581, rs401681, and rs4975616) were not significantly different between the cases and controls, or between either of the histological subgroups (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and controls. Conclusions: Although these SNPs are associated with NSCLC risk in patients with a tobacco-smoking habit, this study demonstrated that XRCC1 and CLPTM1L gene SPNs are not linked with NSCLC risk in non-smoking patients, indicating that molecular mechanisms of NSCLC betwee tobacco smokers and non-smokers may be different. Future studies are needed to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms for NSCLC in non-smokers.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2015

In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T ($T_{reg}$) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in $TRIF^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and $TGF-{\beta}$ expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.418-427
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• 2006

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. Although homologues of the iGluRs have been identified in higher plants, their roles are largely unknown. In this work we isolated a full-length cDNA clone (RsGluR) encoding a putative glutamate receptor from small radish. An RsGluR:mGFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing the fulllength cDNA, glutamate treatment triggered greater $Ca^{2+}$ influx in the root cells of transgenic seedlings than in those of the wild type. Transgenic plants exhibited multiple morphological changes such as necrosis at their tips and the margins of developing leaves, dwarf stature with multiple secondary inflorescences, and retarded growth, as previously observed in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AtGluR3.2 [Kim et al. (2001)]. Microarray analysis showed that jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes including defensins and JA-biosynthetic genes were up-regulated. RsGluR overexpression also inhibited growth of a necrotic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea possibly due to up-regulation of the defensins. Based on these results, we suggest that RsGluR is a glutamate-gated $Ca^{2+}$ channel located in the plasma membrane of higher plants and plays a direct or indirect role in defense against pathogen infection by triggering JA biosynthesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.81-81
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• 1995

It is well known that Src Homology 2(SH2) domain in many intracellular signal transduction proteins is very important. The domain has about 100 amino acid residues and bind phosphotyrosine-containing peptide with high affinity and specificity. Lck SH2 domain is a Src-like, lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase. An 11-residue phosphopeptide derived from the hamster polvoma middle-T antigen, EPQp YEEIPIYL, binds with an 1 nM dissociation constant to Lck SH2 domain. And it is known that the phosphotyrosine and isoleucine residues of the peptide are tightly bound by two well-defined pockets on Lck SH2 domain's surface. To investigate the conformational changes during complexation of SH2 domain with phosphopeptide we have performed the molecular dynamics simulation for Lck SH2 domain with peptide and peptide-free form at look in aqueous solution. More than 3000 water molecules were incorporated to solvate Lck SH2 domain and peptide. Periodic boundary condition has been applied in molecular dynamics simulation. Data analysis with the results of that simulation shows that the phosphopeptide makes primary interaction with the Lck SH2 domain at six central residues, The comparison of the complexed and uncomplexed SH2 domain structures in solution has revealed only relatively small change. But the hydrophilic and hydrophobic pockets in the protein surface show the conformational changes in spite of the small structural difference between the complex and peptide-free forms.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.189-192
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• 2017

Thirteen dogs were diagnosed as congenital extrahepatic single PSS by intraoperative mesenteric portovenography or computed tomographic examination, repair surgery was performed by using an ameroid constrictor. Hepatic size was measured from the right lateral view using liver length/T11 length ratio. This measurement was performed on follow-up check of PSS ligation patients. Hepatic size parameter of pre-operative PSS patients is $4.13{\pm}0.13$ (range, 3.11-4.83). After surgery, hepatic size parameter of post-operative PSS patients is $4.79{\pm}0.19$ (range, 3.78- 5.93). Although follow-up periods varied 2 and 26 weeks, all patients showed increased liver size compared to that on pre-operative radiographs (P < 0.01). The increase rate was 1.01-1.46 times than those of preoperative radiographs. But in 5 patients, post hepatic liver size was small compared to the others, which showed low increase rate of body weight, total protein, albumin, and glucose level. It was thought that small value of hepatic size parameter was due to delay of hepatic regeneration. In conclusion, radiographic hepatic size parameter of pre- and post-operative patients is considered an effective evaluation for restoring after PSS surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2004

The sound dietary habit is formed in childhood, which is basic foundation for keeping health. The school foodservice is practiced to provide proper nutritions, to establish the sound dietary habit. Continuous evaluation and improvement are necessary to operate school foodservice effectively. This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of meals served in elementary school based on nutrient content, food diversity. A questionnaire was mailed to dietitian of each school requested for menus of one week. Menus served in 77 schools from each province and major cities in Korea were analyzed. The results of this study were summarized as follows; Compared to 1/3 of RDA for children, many schools provide lower amounts of energy, calcium and Vitamin A. Proportions of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat were 59.64%, 17.43% and 20.11%, respectively and were not significantly different by the area, the foodservice system, and the number of persons served. NAR(nutrient adequacy ratio) were lowest for calcium(0.67) and Vitamin A(0.65). MAR(mean adequacy ratio) was 0.83. The results of comparison of NAR and MAR by the area, the foodservice system, and the number of persons served were similar to those of nutrient contents. Comparing foods served by the nutrient density were different by nutrient contents, NAR and MAR. Mean nutrient density per meal were higher in large cities than in small cities and rural area, in conventional than in commissary foodservice system. Mean number of dishes and food items per meal were 5.86 and 19.87, respectively. The mean of total quantity of each food group per meal was 352g. The mean of total quantity of each food group per meal were higher in small cities and rural area than in large cities, in commissary than in conventional foodservice system. This study is based only on served menus, and the evaluations of meals based on actual consumption of children are needed. These results suggest that in order to improve the quality of school food service, realistic standard should be suggested and basic study should be done continuously.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.876-885
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• 2015

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine kinase (NAGK) plays an enzyme activity-independent, non-canonical role in the dendritogenesis of hippocampal neurons in culture. In this study, we investigated its role in axonal development. We found NAGK was distributed throughout neurons until developmental stage 3 (axonal outgrowth), and that its axonal expression remarkably decreased during stage 4 (dendritic outgrowth) and became negligible in stage 5 (mature). Immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed colocalization of NAGK with tubulin in hippocampal neurons and with Golgi in somata, dendrites, and nascent axons. A proximity ligation assay (PLA) for NAGK and Golgi marker protein followed by ICC for tubulin or dynein light chain roadblock type 1 (DYNLRB1) in stage 3 neurons showed NAGK-Golgi complex colocalized with DYNLRB1 at the tips of microtubule (MT) fibers in axonal growth cones and in somatodendritic areas. PLAs for NAGK-dynein combined with tubulin or Golgi ICC showed similar signal patterns, indicating a three way interaction between NAGK, dynein, and Golgi in growing axons. In addition, overexpression of the NAGK gene and of kinase mutant NAGK genes increased axonal lengths, and knockdown of NAGK by small hairpin (sh) RNA reduced axonal lengths; suggesting a structural role for NAGK in axonal growth. Finally, transfection of 'DYNLRB1 (74-96)', a small peptide derived from DYNLRB1's C-terminal, which binds with NAGK, resulted in neurons with shorter axons in culture. The authors suggest a NAGK-dynein-Golgi tripartite interaction in growing axons is instrumental during early axonal development.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2014

A5E is complex of several medicinal herb ethanol extracts. The aim of this study is investigating the anticancer effect for non-small cell lung cancer. The antitumor effects of A5E on NCI-H460 were examined by regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$), and apoptosis-related protein. Cell proliferation was measured by MTS assay. Apoptosis induced by A5E was confirmed by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/Propidium Iodide (PI) staining, and cell cycle arrest was measured by PI staining. NF-${\kappa}B$ translocation was detected by immunofluorescence and MMP (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$) was measured by JC-1 staining. The expression of extrinsic pathway molecules such as FasL and FADD were elevated, and procaspase-8 was processed by A5E. In addition, intrinsic pathway related molecules were altered. The Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl levels decreased, Bax increased, and cytochrome C was released. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed, and caspase-3 and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase were processed by A5E. Moreover, A5E affected the cellular survival pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and NF-${\kappa}B$. PI3K and Akt were downregulated, also NF-${\kappa}B$ expression was decreased, and nuclear translocalization was inhibited by A5E. These results suggested that A5E delays proliferation, inhibit cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis in human lung cancer cell. We conclude that A5E is a potential anticancer agent for human lung carcinoma.