• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

An extracellular pigment production of three Phellinus sp. (Phellinus 421, P. linteus and P. hartigil) through submerged cultivation was investigated. The maximum brown pigment from culture broth was obtained from the precipitate by addition of 10% 1M HCI solution. This precipitate showed absorption characteristics with ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 360nm. The maximum production of extracellular pigment obtained at optimum medium and culture condition was 3.54 ($A_{360}$). The precipitate was fractionated by Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, and the isolated brown pigment contained a large amount of polyphenol and the small amounts of sugar and protein. The brown pigment fraction was stable in temperature range of $30{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, pH range of $4{\sim}6$, sugar addition ranges of $1{\sim}5%$ and salt addition concentration of 3 molarity. Antioxidative activity of the brown pigment by TBA method was better than that of vitamin E (${\alpha}$-tocopherol).

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2003

An immunological method was developed in this study to quantify reproductive output of the female butter clam, Saxidomus purpuratus. A clam egg-specific polyclonal antibody was developed using the purified butter clam egg as an antigen. An indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used in quantitative measurement of the eggs. Size of the butter clam eggs ranged from $70.81{\pm}7.52{\mu}m$ in histology or $88.56{\pm}11.31{\mu}m$ in intact eggs. The predominant egg constituent was protein (37.44%), followed by lipids (11.40%) and carbohydrates (9.68%). The SDS-PAGE showed that the egg proteins are composed of several peptides of molecular weights consisting of 247, 200, 99, 91, 54 and 47 kDa. ELISA indicated that the clams collected from Geoje Island in May 2002 produced 8.2 to 26.8% of their body weight as eggs or 9,307,309 to 31,156,333 with a mean of 16,931,893 eggs per individual clam. The results of this study thus suggest that indirect ELISA using rabbit anti-clam egg IgG as a primary antibody is a rapid, affordable and sensitive method to assess reproductive output of 5. purpuratus and possibly other bivalves using a small amount of eggs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 1999

To investigate kernel hardness, a compression test which is widely used to measure the hardness of individual kernels as a physical testing method was made simultaneously with the measurement of friabilin (15KDa) which is strongly associated with kernel hardness and was recently developed as a biochemical marker for evaluating kernel hardness in 79 Korean wheat varieties and experimental lines. With the scattered diagram based on the principal component analysis from the parameters of the compression test, 79 Korean wheat varieties were classified into three groups based on the principal component analysis. Since conventional methods required large amount of flour samples for analysis of friabilin due to the relatively small amount of friabilin in wheat kernels, those methods had limitations for quality prediction in wheat breeding programs. An extraction of friabilin from the starch of a single kernel through cesium chloride gradient centrifugation was successful in this experiment. Among 79 Korean wheat varieties and experimental lines 50 lines (63.3%) exhibited a friabilin band and 29 lines (36.7%) did not show a friabilin band. In this study, lines that contained high maximum force and the lower ratio of minimum force to maximum force showed the absence of the friabilin band. Identification of friabilin, which is the product of a major gene, could be applied in the screening procedures of kernel hardness. The single kernel analysis system for friabilin was found to be an easy, simple and effective screening method for early generation materials in a wheat breeding program for quality improvement.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.10.1-10.7
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• 2017

Small GTPases are well known as one of the signal transduction factors of immune systems. The ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) can be classified into three groups based on the peptide sequence, protein molecular weight, gene structure, and phylogenetic analysis. ARF1 recruits coat proteins to the Golgi membranes when it is bound to GTP. The class I duplicated ARF gene was cloned and characterized from the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) for this study. PoARF1b contains the GTP-binding motif and the switch 1 and 2 regions. PoARF1b and PoARF1b mutants were transfected into a Hirame natural embryo cell to determine the distribution of its GDP/GTP-bound state; consequently, it was confirmed that PoARF1b associates with the Golgi body when it is in a GTP-binding form. The results of the qPCR-described PoARF1b were expressed for all of the P. olivaceus tissues. The authors plan to study the gene expression patterns of PoARF1b in terms of immunity challenges.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2009

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection causes fulminant hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of HDV pathogenesis, we examined the effects of HDV viral proteins, the small hepatitis delta antigen (SHDAg) and the large hepatitis delta antigen (LHDAg), on $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that $TNF-{\alpha}-induced$ $NF-{\kappa}B$ transcriptional activation was increased by LHDAg but not by SHDAg in both HEK293 and Huh7 cells. Furthermore, LHDAg promoted TRAF2-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that both SHDAg and LHDAg interacted with TRAF2 protein. We showed that isoprenylation of LHDAg was not required for the increase of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity. We further showed that only LHDAg but not SHDAg increased the $TNF-{\alpha}-mediated$ nuclear translocation of p65. This was accomplished by activation of $I{\kappa}B_{\alpha}$ degradation by LHDAg. Finally, we demonstrated that LHDAg augmented the COX-2 expression level in Huh7 cells. These data suggest that LHDAg modulates $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathway and may contribute to HDV pathogenesis.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 1991

The effects of environmental agents on health are great concern for all. It was recognized that each human has differential susceptibility to environmental effects. Susceptibility are changed by many factors includin gdevelopmpntal processes, genetic factors, nutritional stratus, preexisting disease conditions, life style and personal habits. Of all factors nutritional factors seem to be the area most modifiable. Consequently, It is an area that must be more thoroughly evaluated. In this paper, nutrient and environment interactions are reviewed briefly with published literatures. This paper deals with the influence of micronutrients(energy, protein and fat), Vitamins (vitamin 4, vitamin B-complex, vitamin C, vitamin D and vitamin I) and Minerals(calcium, iron, selenium, zinc and other minerls) on environmental effects. The role of arch nutrient was assessed in modifyine the expression of environmental pollutant toxicity with available litertures. In each nutrient section, the effect of environment was considered in following agents : heavy metals(lead, cadmium, mercury, silver and etc), inorganic agents(nitwits, sulfite, fluoride and etc), organic agents(benzene, carbon tatra-chloride, aflatoxin, auto dye, dialbrin etc), Irritant gas(ozone, carbon monooxide and etc), physical agents(X-irradiation, ultra violet, temperature and noise) and insectcides. The extent to which nutritional status modifies environmental effects 3nd its converse, how envirollments affects nutritional status is very complex. In deed, at the present time there are more than 50 chelnical/phycical agents that affect the nutrient metabolism and/or have their toxicity either directly diminished or enhanced by nutrients of those agents, small number of agents for each nutrients have sufficient evidence to warrant any reasonable degree of confidence in their hypothesized associtation. With these information at this present time it is hard to conclude that the recommended dietary allowance for each nutrient should be reconsidered.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

Programmed cell death systems are important for an active type of cell deaths. Among them, a type of programmed cell death, autophagy is activated in cancer cells in response to multiple stresses and has been demonstrated to promote tumor cell survival and drug resistance. Thus, in the area of cancer, over the time frame form around the 1940s to date, of the 155 small molecules, 73% are other than "synthetic", with 47% actually being either "natural products" or "directly derived therefrom". Autophagy has multiple physiological functions in multicellular organisms, including protein degradation and organelle turnover. Genes and proteins that constitute the basic machinery of the autophagic process were first identified in the yeast system and some of their mammalian orthologues have been characterized as well. Numerous oncogenes, including Akt1, Bcl-2, NF1, PDPK1, class I PI3K, PTEN, and Ras and oncosuppressors, inculuding Bec-1, Bif-1, DAPK-1, p53 and UVRAG suppress or promote the autophagy pathway. Regulation of autophagy in tumors is governed by similar principles of the normal cells, only in a much more complicated manner, given the frequently observed abnormal PI3K activation in cancer and the multitude of interactions between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and other cell signaling cascades, often also deregulated in tumor cells. Autophagy induction by some anticancer agents underlines the potential utility of its induction as a new cancer treatment modality of development for natural medicines.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1999

Clear cell sarcoma is a rare soft tissue sarcoma that occurs in tendons and aponeuroses, usually in the lower extremities in young adults. The exact histogenesis is not definitely established. We experienced a case of 58 year-old female who presented with a $3.2{\times}2.2cm$ sized mass located in the subcutaneous tissue of the left lower thigh. The mass was well-circumscribed, grayish and firm. Two small satellite nodules were also seen. Histrionically, the tumor was composed of round to fusiform cells with clear or pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and separated into compact nests or short fascicles by delicate fibrous septa. The melanin pigments and hemosiderin were seen. Tumor cells showed positive reaction for S-100 protein and HMB-45. The ultrastructural examination showed abundant mitochondria and melanosomes.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.323-329
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• 2009

The prescriptions (DB-1-DB-5) were prepared with the active herbal medicines, Acanthopanax senticosus, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Polygonatum odoratum, and Cichorium intybus. The most active crude polysaccharide fraction (DB-2-3), which was isolated through the fractionation of hot-water extract from DB-2, was significantly reduced by periodate oxidation (52.7 and 63.7%) on intestinal immune system modulating and anticancer activity. When DB-2-3 was further fractionated by column chromatographies, DB-2-3IIc-2 showed the most potent activities. In addition, DB-2-3IIc stimulated the proliferation of bone marrow cells via Peyer's patch in dose-dependent pattern by oral administration. The metastasis of colon 26-M3.1 lung carcinoma had significantly inhibited in mice fed DB-2-3IIc at 1 mg/mouse (43.8%). DB-2-3IIc-2 mainly contained uronic acid (46.1%) and 42.5% of neutral sugar with a small amount of protein (7.6%), and component sugar analysis also showed that DB-2-3IIc-2 was composed Ara, Gal, and GalA (molar ratio; 0.50:0.63:1.00). It may be suggested that activities of DB-2-3IIc-2 are resulted from pectic polysaccharides containing a polygalacturonan moiety with side chain of neutral sugars, such as Ara and Gal.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 1993

Method for the sun curing dehydration of pig excreta by using vinyl house was described. We determined effects of the dehydrated pig excreta on the yields of whole crop corn and proximate chemical composition of whole crop corn. Pig excreta were dehydrated upto 15% of moisture content by the 3-4 days of sun curing dehydration in vinyl house in the summer period. There was no significant difference between the dehydrated pig excreta treatment and the chemical fertilizer treatment on dry matter(DM) content, DM yield and crude protein contents of whole crop corn. Ca and Mg contents by the dehydrated pig excreta treatment were lower than those by thechemical fertilizer treatment. In the contrast, K content by the dehydrated pig excreta treatment was higher than those by the chemical fertilizer treatment. and dehydrated pig excreta treatments were higher in K/Ca+Mg ratio than chemical fertilizer treatment. These results suggested the availability of the sun curing dehydration of pig excreta in vinyl house in small-scale animal industry. In addition, the dehydrated pig excreta treatment showen similar effects to the chemical fertilizer treatment on dry matter yields and contents of chemical composition of whole crop corn. These results suggest that using the sun curing dehydration of pig excreta could reduce the chemical fertilizer cost. However, we need more study to the relationship between the unbalanced mineral contents and animal health.