• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.639-644
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• 2007

This study analyzed components of the leaves of Elaeagnus multiflora as part of studies on the nutritional and functional materials of fruits and leaves of this plant. The moisture content of the leaves was 71.6% and the carbohydrate, crude protein, lipid and ash contents were 24.1, 1.4, 0.4 and 2.5%, respectively. Concentrations of reducing sugars, soluble proteins and polyphenols were 460.0, 503.3 and 805.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Fructose was the dominant free sugar, and arabinose, maltose, glucose, and a small amount of trehalose were also detected. Malic acid was the main organic acid in E. multiflora leaves, and acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid were also present. E. multiflora leaves were high in K, Ca and Mg. Of hydrolyzed amino acids, alanine was present at the highest concentration (112.0 mg/100 g), with threonine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine being the next most common. Glutamic acid and ornithine were the dominant free amino acid and amino acid derivative, respectively.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.202-213
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• 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare health related behaviors among adolescents in the rural area with those in the urban area in Korea. Methods: The data source was the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in 2005. With two stage cluster sampling, a total of 58,224 sample was selected from 799 middle and high schools nationwide. The area was classified into county area, small to medium city, and large city, and then the county area was considered as a rural area. Data was analyzed with STATA 9.0 using the method of complex survey data analysis considering sampling weight, strata, and primary sampling unit. Results: The prevalence of health related behaviors among adolescents in the rural area was higher than the city area as following health behaviors: smoking behaviors of smoking experience, smoking experience before entrance to middle school; drinking behaviors of frequent drinking, high risk behaviors with drinking; dietary behaviors of omitting of lunch or dinner, less intake of fruits or milk, more intake of cooky; oral hygiene of less tooth brushing, less preventive oral care, more oral symptoms and less dentist visit; safety behaviors of less wearing of safety belt or protective device; general hygiene of less hand washing before meal or after visiting rest room. Conclusions: The health behaviors among adolescents in the rural area were generally poorer than the city area. The results showed national health program for adolescents should be conducted primarily for those in rural areas. Further study is needed to explore the factors related with the discrepancy of health behaviors between the rural and urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 1989

A secondary survey was conducted of 503 customers, to investigate eating out behaviours at five fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, in April of 1988. The results are summarized as follows: The majority, 84% of customers, were aged 14 to 30, consisting of junior and senior high school children, college students and company employees. In contrast to the previous survey of 1986, in which no elderly customers were found, a small number of elderly customers were observed in this study. The reasons given by customers for patronizing fast food restaurants were the following, from most to least frequent: 'convenient', 'allows for companionship', 'the pleasant place to eat', 'dining equipment and tableware are hygienic', 'to be able to stay as long as I want', and 'foods rapidly served'. Only 24.2% of the customers purchased the fast foods for a full meal, 38.3% purchased the foods for snacking, and others purchased ice cream only or drink only. The majority of the customers ate the purchased foods at the fast food restaurants. However, a limited number of female customers preferred to take the packed fast foods to their homes. Taste preference was a major factor in food selection from available menu items, among the younger customers; whereas customers over 30 years old were concerned with nutritive balance. Fried chicken, pizza, rolled rice with laver, ice cream, and juice were high on the list of liked foods; in contrast, lower preference was for fish burger, doughnut, spaghetti, Chajang noodles and chili beans. The survey discovered that the preference for fried chicken, pizza, and salad had increased compared to the previous survey of 1986. Preference by food nationality was highest for Korean food, then Western food, Chinese food, and Japanese food, in that order. Customers offered suggestions for better fast food service, such as lowering the price; greater variety in the menu; developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods; and increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits on the fast food menu. The customers, in particular, emphasized a need for the development of Korean traditional beverage of malt drink and persimmon punch, as well as mungbean pan cakes and sweet- spicy rice noodles (docbokki), as fast foods.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2001

The study was conducted to investigate quality changes by different shelf temperature after storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Fruits on the shelf at room temperature produced more $C_2H_4$ and $CO_2$ than those at $5^{\circ}C$ by 30% and seven times, respectively. By 10 days on the shelf, flesh firmness was held better at $5^{\circ}C$, while it was softened very rapidly at $13^{\circ}C$ and room temperature. In contrast, at low shelf temperature, contents of soluble solid did not show significant difference except that, in room temperature, it showed tendency to decrease. Sucrose content tended to be higher on the third day of marketing. At room temperature, however, all the sugar contents decreased from 10 days of marketing. Small quantity of ethanol and acetaldehyde were detected on the first day of marketing at $5^{\circ}C$ and $13^{\circ}C$, but they were high at room temperature. Also, these contents increased significantly with prolonging the shelf period and with rising marketing temperature.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate temperature distribution in the double layer plastic greenhouse and chilling injury to watermelons grown during a cold season. Temperatures on eastern and western sides were about 6.2% and 14.7%, respectively, lower than that of central section in a south-north oriented greenhouse. Daily mean temperature in the northern part was about 1-2$^{\circ}C$ higher than that in the southern part of the greenhouse. In terms of vertical temperature distribution inside the greenhouse, temperature at ground surface was approximately 1$^{\circ}C$ lower during the day and 0.5$^{\circ}C$ higher during the night than that in the upper part, 2m from the ground surface. Leaf mould medium kept higher ground temperatures as compared to sandy soil, red clay soil, and in the northern and southern sides as compared to the central part of the greenhouse. A symptom of chilling injury on leaves was upward curling, followed by chlorosis and necrosis. A severe symptom of chilling injury to plants was the breakdown of vascular bundles. Root growth was more susceptible than stem or leaf growth to low temperatures. At 3$0^{\circ}C$, main and lateral roots grew vigorously, while lateral root growth was inhibited at 22$^{\circ}C$ and root growth was stopped at 14$^{\circ}C$ and 6$^{\circ}C$. Small and puffy fruits with dark green surface were produced at low temperatures. In cold season cultivation of watermelons, it is suggested that plants be transplanted in the central part and train to sides of the greenhouse in order to reduced chilling injuries.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for an adult population for use in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The 24-hour recall data for 2,939 subjects aged 19 years and over from the fourth KNHANES first year (2007) were used to extract the items included in the questionnaire. The FFQ items were developed by selection of major dishes based on the cumulative contribution rate, between-person variability based on the cumulative R2 of energy and 14 nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorous, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C) and the number of consumers of each dish. In addition, the FFQ items were revised with analysis of 24-hour recall data of the fourth KNHANES second and third year (2008, 2009). Finally, 112 items were included in the FFQ and grouped as follows: rice (5 items), noodles and dumplings (6), breads and rice cakes (8), soups and stews (12), soybeans, eggs, meat and fish (23), vegetables, seaweed and potatoes (27), milk and dairy products (4), fruits (13), beverages (5), snacks (6) and alcoholic beverages (3). The food items of FFQ accounted for an average of 87.0% of energy and 14 nutrient intakes and also accounted for 81.7% of the between-person variability. The frequency range of the FFQ items was classified into nine categories (never or seldom, once per month, 2-3 times per month, once per week, 2-4 times per week, 5-6 times per week, once per day, twice per day and three times per day) and the portion size was divided into three categories (small, medium and large). We expect that this developed dish-based FFQ could be used in assessment of longterm dietary intakes of Korean adults.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.935-941
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the activity of ginsenoside metabolites and the intestinal immunity antioxidant activity were remarkably improved by lactic acid bacteria fermentation by adding a small amount of ginsenoside to the complex extracts of fruits and vegetables. It was confirmed that the increase in intestinal immunity antioxidant activity due to synergistic effect was observed in the fruit-vegetable extract containing ginsenoside compared to the ginsenoside-only extract or the fruit-vegetable extract. Then, by adding ginsenosides by content, the concentration of ginsenosides that can obtain a synergistic effect according to the fermentation of lactic acid bacteria was determined. As a result, it was confirmed that a synergistic effect was exhibited when lactic acid bacteria were fermented and extracted by mixing ginsenosides in a mass ratio of 3 to 10% with respect to the mass of the fruit-vegetable mixture. As a result, when treated at a concentration of 200 ㎍/ml, the fruit-vegetable complex extract containing ginsenoside metabolites inhibited the generation of NO by about 60% compared to the complex extract containing no ginsenoside, The expression of IL-1β was suppressed by 63%, the expression of IL-6 by 69%, and the expression of TNF-α by 76%, confirming that the intestinal immune antioxidant properties were significantly improved.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2020

Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai an endemic plant with limited distribution in some parts of the Korean Peninsula, is designated as "Endangered" species on the IUCN Red List. The species is under the threat of deterioration in nature due to various environmental changes causing loss of natural habitats. We investigated the distribution pattern and population structure of E. koreensis to serve as a basic reference for identifying the dynamics and persistence of natural populations of this species in the future. To determine the characteristics of the E. koreensis population, we laid two to three large plots sized 20m×30m on the ridgeline as the reference in Yanggu, Chuncheon, and Hongcheon and laid four to seven small quadrats sized 1m×1m on the transect. A total of 530 plots were laid, 10 each at 2m interval, to measure the number of the stems, the number of fruiting, height, and other factors. The collected distribution information was compared with the existing IUCN assessed categories by applying IUCN Red List ver 3.1 Criteria B. The average population density of the three surveyed areas was 3.47 stem/㎡; the density of each area was 3.95 stems/㎡ in Yanggu, 3.37 stems/㎡ in Chuncheon, and 2.87 stems/㎡ in Hongcheon. The number of fruiting per stem was 0.0038, indicating only 7 fruits out of 1,837 stems and that vegetative reproduction is likely to be more dominant than sexual reproduction. The distribution tendency of population density in the small plots in three surveyed areas showed that the density of E. koreensis tended to decrease toward the center of the forest with low crown openness and around the mountain ridge with high crown openness. It indicated that the quantity of light could be a very important factor for the growth of individuals of this species. The analysis of the heights of individuals present in the surveyed plots showed a range of 2.3 ~ 68.5cm and an average of 20.1cm. An analysis on the stage-structure of the E. koreensis population based on the sieve height found that the appearance frequency decreased with increasing height above 15 ~ 20cm and that the percentage of individuals lower than 10cm, which were presumed to be seedlings, was severely low, indicating a necessity of study on the population sustainability based on the monitored data. The occupied area calculated with the collected species distribution information was 200㎢, indicating the EN category according to the IUCN Red List Reference B.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2011

Opening agricultural market expansion, reduced purchases through wholesale markets, expanding the influence large retailers of consumer's market such as changes in the distribution system to the farmer's market conditions are changing rapidly. Because of this, retailers of the scaled and chain-store operations was centered on distribution environmental changes of the consumer market place. In producing area due to changes in market conditions in the agricultural production of in producing area distribution organization and the size distribution can not be put off no longer challenge is imminent. If it do not raise forces banded together, the producer is bound to remain as the weak. To support the distribution of this production was introduced in 2000 enable the Activation Project of in producing area distribution. Recent in producing area Changes of Agricultural conditions in order to cope with the Small-scale farmers and small individual farmers are becoming Scaled and specialized. Also, is specific to each item and regional is showing aspects. Government support for Activation Project of in producing area distribution is greatly improved, but in terms of competitiveness on the market still is showing the limitations. The most common of these problems, the market response if in producing area producer's organization and scale of the problem. Equipped for the purpose of consumer market place responsiveness unreasonable propelled outward from the Painter-sized weakens the organizational power. also, Difficult to succeed organizational size is a dissolution or anything within a few years, farmers around the best producer organizations, such as deviation occurs is exposed to a variety of issues. In this study, previous studies refer to the recent changes in agricultural retail environment, background and needs of organization·scaled, Determine the status of the domestic in producing area organizations and derived Problems, look into Domestic and overseas of in producing area organization with best practices for enhancing the competitiveness of the proposed improvement are intended to. In the future, in producing area distribution policy would like to provide direction to the development. The results of the study showed the follwing : 1) enhance utilization and orrganized through the diversification of the agricultural Collection systems. 2) Scaled to achieve through Items of specialized a wide area marketing. 3) Management operating units, such as installation and operating that overseas the best practices " Comite Economique Agricole Regional 'Fruits et Legumes' de Bretagne". 4) To establish a support system that in producing area distribution organization model development for appropriate domestic. In particular, in case of domestic in producing area distribution organization, through the analysis of various case study that a successful organization and scaled. The process of the various challenges arising in organizational scaled and generalization, and by the way he goes about trying to overcome is required. At the end of the study's limitations and future research directions suggested.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.365-372
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• 2014

Imported Valencia oranges were evaluated to determine the relationship between the fruit size and its quality. The orange size was classified into three groups on a commercial basis: small ($140{\sim}160g/113{\pm}5$ fruit/box), medium ($190{\sim}220g/88{\pm}5$ fruit/box), and large ($250{\sim}280g/72{\pm}5$ fruit/box). The physicochemical and sensory properties were analyzed to evaluate the orange quality. No significant difference in the peel thickness and flesh ratio was detected across the fruit sizes. The juice yield of the medium-sized orange and the TSS/TA ratios of the medium-sized and large oranges showed the highest value, respectively (p<0.05). The large orange had the highest vitamin C content, which was positively correlated with both its DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation of the fruits and their juice, the scores for sourness and overall preference were significantly higher in the medium-sized and large oranges than in the small ones. The total soluble solids, total acidity, TSS/TA ratio, and reducing sugar content were significantly related to the sensory properties. Finally, the quality and sensory properties were considered superior in the medium-sized and lager Valencia oranges. Further studies on the effects of the variety and origin of Valencia oranges on their quality and sensory properties are required.