• 농업과학연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.329-342
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• 1998

As we have said major contents in the background of inducing Mutual Credits, Agricultural Cooperatives' Mutual Credits are absolutely necessary to the development of rural community. In real aspects, since it has been introduced, Mutual Credits have contributed greatly to the rural prosperity, as we have studied in the actual state of Mutual Credits. But with the advent of WTO system, both the international situation of open-trade policy and the domestic one of free banking and deregulation were rapidly going on at the same time, there by Mutual Credits' business has been threated by them. So Mutual Credits had to seek some programs for development in order to solve the hard situation. Several points on development programs of Mutual Credits are as follows: (1) Realization of scale of economy by the way of M&A among small primary cooperatives (2) Development of new financial products for raising funds safely (3) Management-rationalization by automatic systems like cash dispenser and telebanking (4) Variation of business area (5) Enforcing economy-business part besides Mutual Credits' one among cooperative businesses (6) Government's successive support.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.727-739
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• 2021

Over the past decades, the Jordanian government has made great efforts to help poor women start small businesses by providing microcredit and facilitating financial services. Although in Jordan almost hundreds of thousands of women have the ability to contribute more fully to their economy, they are reluctant to do so. Women's participation in economic activities in 2016 was only 13.2%, while the unemployment rate for Jordanian women was 24.1%. The decline in women's participation in small business management has gradually become an important issue following the trial of more than 13,000 Jordanian women for non-payment of their micro-loans. This study aims to identify the factors that hinder Jordanian women from achieving job stability. In this qualitative study, a semi-structured interview method with sixteen open-ended questions was used to collect relevant data. A purposeful sampling method is also used to select participants. To analyze the data, this study used NVivo 11 software as a method. Using System Theory, this study showed that women's failure depends on three factors: women entrepreneurs, the environment around women entrepreneurs, and micro-financial institutions. Findings of this study suggest that strengthen women's entrepreneurship sustainability and minimize the risk of failure should be done through integrated strategies include these three domains.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.117-133
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• 2007

본 논문은 이자율 준칙에 근거하여 한국의 통화정책의 효율성을 인플레이션과 산출갭의 상대적 안정성을 중심으로 경험적으로 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 1991년 이후 한국의 주요 거시경제 변수를 설명할 수 있는 구조적 모형이 필요한데, 본고에서는 Ball(1999)의 모형과 유사한 소규모 개방경제모형을 도입한다. 모형의 추정결과, 한국 거시경제 변수를 비교적 잘 설명할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었고 추정된 모형을 바탕으로 이자율준칙의 범위 내에서 최적 통화정책을 도출하였다. 따라서 최적 이자율 준칙하에서의 인플레이션과 산출갭의 변동성을 실제 데이터와 비교할 수 있다. 실증적 분석의 결과, 중앙은행은 산출갭의 변동성보다 인플레이션의 변동성을 낮추는 데 상대적으로 더 효율적이었음을 알 수 있다. 이는 외환위기 이후 인플레이션이 실제 중앙은행의 목표범위 내에서 하락 안정세를 유지하였고 변동성도 상대적으로 크지 않았음을 고려해 볼 때 타당한 결과라고 해석할 수 있다. 그러나 최적 이자율 준칙과 비교해 볼 때 실제 추정된 이자율 준칙은 인플레이션에 대한 반응 정도가 매우 낮아 인플레이션의 안정성이 이자율 준칙이 효과적이었기 때문은 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 또한 인플레이션을 유발할 수 있는 실질환율 상승의 경우 이자율을 오히려 하락시킨 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 이론 및 최적 이자율 준칙과는 배치되는 결과이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1979

Methanol was examined as supplemental fuel for open chamber type and pre-combustion chamber type diesel engine. Pre-determined quantities of diesel oil were injected as ordinary diesel engines and methanol was added at inlet pipe using venturi, nozzel and and float chamber for the rest of the charge. In this mode of operation, addition of methanol reduced inlet and exhaust temperature. Inlet air quantities were essentially unchanged in spite of lower inlet temperature. Exhaust smoke was significantly reduced At light load when both diesel oil and methanol were introduced with small quantities, specific heat consumption was considerably increased. However, with the increase of the quantity of methanol or diesel oil, specific heat consumption was improved. With sufficient quantities of diesel oil enough to produce the power above 3/4 load, addition of methanol showed better thermal economy.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.203-223
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• 2019

This paper examines the interactions between financial conditions and business cycles in Mongolia, a small open economy, heavily depending on commodity exports. We construct two financial conditions indexes based on the reduced form IS model and the vector autoregression (VAR) model as surveillance tools to quantify the degree of the financial conditions. We find that real short-term interest rate and real effective exchange rate gap get a higher weight in the FCIs. Both business and financial cycles are often more pronounced in Mongolia, and financial condition is dependent of the financial and monetary policies in place. The analysis of the predictive power of the FCIs for business cycles shows that they have predictive information for the near-term economic activities. FCIs are also helpful in signaling inflation turning points.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.153-166
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• 2022

The study estimates the Structured VAR and the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model for the Vietnamese economy based on the new Keynesian model for small and open economies, with the output gap, inflation, policy interest rate, the Vietnamese exchange rate, and the inflation and interest rate in the United States. The paper aims to clarify the impulse response of the macro variables through their shocks. It offers to model the SVAR and DSGE processes, as well as describe why and how interest rate policy is important in the impulse response of macro variables like the output gap and inflation process. The study supports the central role of monetary policy by giving empirical evidence for the new Keynesian theory, according to which an interest rate shock causes the output gap to widen and inflation to decrease. Finally, the application of the DSGE model is becoming more and more popular in the State Bank of Viet Nam to improve its policy planning, analyzing, and forecasting policy towards sustainable and stable growth.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2008

최근 경영환경 변화의 중대한 흐름인 웹2.0 시대의 도래는 이용자의 적극적 참여와 공유, 개방을 의미하는 것으로, '인터넷의 생활화'를 진전시키며 사회 전반의 다양한 변화를 유발하고 있다. 웹2.0은 사회경제적 측면에서 다음과 같은 변화를 일으키고 있다: 1) 다품종 소량생산 경제 체제로의 전환 가속 2) 온라인 채널/정보의 소비자에 대한 영향력 증대 3) 경제사회 분야에서 다양한 소수의 힘 확대. 웹2.0은 기업 경영에 있어 다음과 같은 네 가지 주요 변화를 유발하고 있다: 1) 조직 내부가 아닌 외부로부터의 개방형 혁신 추구 2) 인터넷을 경유한 입소문 마케팅의 적극 활용 3) 기존 사업의 변신 추구 4) 개방적인 의사교환을 통한 고객과의 커뮤니케이션 강화. 기업들은 웹2.0으로 인한 사회경제적 변화를 직시하고, 기업 경영에 웹2.0을 적극 활용하여 사업 기회로 활용하여야 할 것이다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2018

본 연구는 아시아의 대표적인 신흥경제국으로 원유수입국이며 소규모 개방경제인 한국을 대상으로 유가쇼크의 거시경제 효과를 충격반응함수를 추정하여 분석하였다는데 의의가 있다. 유가쇼크는 대부분 공급 측면의 요인에 의해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 왔으나, 본 연구는 유가쇼크를 수요와 공급 측면에서 세 가지로 구분하여 그 거시경제 효과를 분석하였다. 한국의 경우에 있어, 유가쇼크는 쇼크의 요인에 따라 상이한 반응을 보였다. 원유공급쇼크는 산업 활동과 금리를 하락시키며, 원유 자체 수요쇼크는 다른 요인에 의한 유가쇼크보다 상대적으로 금리를 가장 크게 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 경제호황에 의한 원유수요쇼크는 다른 요인에 의한 유가쇼크보다 물가와 환율을 상대적으로 가장 크게 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 정책당국은 유가쇼크의 요인에 따라 상이한 정책 대응을 할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.21-41
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• 2022

The effect of change in exchange rates on an economy is very important, especially, to a small open economy like South Korea. I explore whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have positive influences on exchange rate-pass through import price of import market for fishery products in South Korea. Competition among FTA partners is enhanced after FTAs are effective. I expect that the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through (hereafter, ERPT) into import price of fishery products (in terms of Korea currency) would be reduced since the import market for fishery products in South Korea is an oligopolistic market. Specifically, I investigate two research questions with six South Korea's FTA partners-Norway, Thailand, Peru, U.S., China and Vietnam. First, whether the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through into import price of fishery products from six FTA partners would decrase in the post-FTA era; seconds, the size of reduction has a negative relation with the size of their market share in the import market for fishery products in South Korea if it decreases. The empirical results indicate that the degree of ERPT into import price from other FTA partners than Norway has been reduced after FTA, statistically and significantly; however, I do not find the evidence that the size of reduction is related to their market share. The findings in this study imply that FTAs have negative effects on producers' economic welfare in South Korea's fishery industry by reducing the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through as well as reducing tariff barriers.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

Purpose - Recently, the Korean government is seeking to internationalize KRW and reduce its heavy reliance on the U.S. dollar and better cope with risks from external turbulence. However, there has been too little study on this subject in comparision with its importance. The main objective of the paper is to distinguish the descrete stages of the KRW internationalization and recognize the costs and benefits of each stage. Research design, data, methodology - In order to achieve its goal, this study accomplishes a formal policy analysis based on potential factors of currency internationalization and an examination of legal practices in relation to Foreign Exchange Transaction Regulation (the Regulation). Results - This study found that securing monetary policy may not be easy under liberalized capital account for a small open economy like Korea in view of the trillema. In addition, the inherent ambiguity of the Regulation may increase the costs of KRW internationalization. Conclusions-This study revealed the negative system for the control of foreign exchange of the Korean government. The excessive regulatory restrictions on foreign exchange may hinder the process of KRW internationalization. Some legal and policy reforms are needed to improve related regulation and infrastructure.