• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2014

Objectives Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. Methods Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. Results Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-$1{\alpha}$ release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. Conclusions The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2016

Effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on skin corrosion and irritation using three-dimensional human skin models were investigated based on the test guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD TG431 and TG439). EpiDerm$^{TM}$ skin was incubated with NPs including those harboring iron (FeNPs), aluminum oxide (AlNPs), titanium oxide (TNPs), and silver (AgNPs) for a defined time according to the test guidelines. Cell viabilities of EpiDerm$^{TM}$ skins were measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based method. FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs were non-corrosive because the viability was more than 50% after 3 min exposure and more than 15% after 60 min exposure, which are the non-corrosive criteria. All NPs were also non-irritants, based on viability exceeding 50% after 60 min exposure and 42 hr post-incubation. Release of interleukin 1-alpha and histopathological analysis supported the cell viability results. These findings suggest that FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs are 'non-corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to human skin by a globally harmonized classification system.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2014

Shinning spot defects on galvanized steel sheets were studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope(SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Original Position Statistic Distribution Analysis (LIBSOPA) in this study. The research shows that the coating thickness of shinning spot defects which caused by the substrate defect is much lower than normal area, and when skin passed, the shinning spot defect area can not touch with skin pass roll which result in the surface of shinning spot is flat while normal area is rough. The different coating morphologies have different effects on the reflection of light, which cause the shinning spot defects more brighter than normal area.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.182-193
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• 2024

To address the limitations of animal testing, scientific research is increasingly focused on developing alternative testing methods. These alternative tests utilize cells or tissues derived from animals or humans for in vitro testing, as well as artificial tissues and organoids. In western countries, animal testing for cosmetics has been banned, leading to the adoption of artificial skin for toxicity evaluation, such as skin corrosion and irritation assessments. Standard guidelines for skin organoid technology becomes necessary to ensure consistent data and evaluation in replacing animal testing with in vitro methods. These guidelines encompass aspects such as cell sourcing, culture techniques, quality requirements and assessment, storage and preservation, and organoid-based assays.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.591-602
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• 2009

The Compton backscatter technique has been applied to lap-joint in aircraft structure in order to determine mass loss due to exfoliative corrosion of the aluminum alloy sheet skin. The mass loss of each layer has been estimated from Compton backscatter A-scan including the aluminum sheet, the corrosion layer, and the sealant. A Compton backscattering imaging system has been also developed to obtain a cross-sectional profile of corroded lap-splices of aging aircraft using a specially designed slit-type camera. The camera is to focus on a small scattering volume inside the material from which the backscattered photons are collected by a collimated scintillator detector for interpretation of material characteristics. The cross section of the layered structure is scanned by moving the scattering volume through the thickness direction of the specimen. The theoretical model of the Compton scattering based on Boltzmann transport theory is presented for quantitative characterization of exfoliative corrosion through deconvolution procedure using a nonlinear least-square error minimization method. It produces practical information such as location and width of planar corrosion in layered structures of aircraft, which generally cannot be detected by conventional NDE techniques such as the ultrasonic method.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2018

Objectives: In this study, we analyze statistics on industrial accidents caused by chemical skin contact and provide skin toxicity hazard information on the related domestic system and circulation volumes. Methods and Results: We analyzed occupational fatalities and skin diseases caused by chemical leaks and contact from 2007 to 2016(10 years) and surveyed data on occupational skin diseases using the 2014 work environment survey data. The NIOSH Skin Notation Profiles for 57 chemical substances, which are provided to prevent occupational skin diseases, were searched and hazard information on skin contact with chemical substances was classified. In order to identify skin toxicity information among domestically distributed and legally regulated substances and to investigate skin-toxic substances, MSDS basic data on 19,740 chemical substances provided on the homepage of Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency were searched. Acute toxicity(dermal) category 1-4 substances totaled 1,020, and the number of chemical substances classified as category 1 and 2 substances were 135 and 137, respectively. In the chemical substances prescribed by the Ministry of Employment and Labor, 173 substances were classified into acute toxicity(dermal) categories 1-4, 58 of which correspond to category 1 or 2. Conclusions: Within the present range of industrial accidents, the proportion of skin diseases due to contact with chemicals is not high. However, there is always a risk of occupational skin diseases due to increasing chemicals and due to the use of new chemicals. It is hoped that this information will be used by workplace safety and health officials and health and safety experts to prevent acute toxity(dermal) due to chemical skin contact.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2019

강재로 제작된 구조물의 부식량은 설치형태에 따라 상이하게 나타나므로 그에 따른 효율적인 관리가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 강재 수문의 설치형태와 높이에 따른 부식량과 부식속도를 평가하기 위하여 설치형태와 높이에 따라 모니터링 시험체와 부식환경측정 센서를 설치하여 대기노출실험을 실시하였다. 노출기간에 따라 모니터링 시험체를 회수하여 중량감소법으로 평가된 평균부식두께와 부식환경측정센서를 통하여 계측된 갈바닉 부식전류량과의 상관관계를 이용하여 강재 수문의 설치형태와 높이에 따른 향후 부식량을 예측하였다. 본 연구 결과 수문의 가로보 수평부재는 상대적으로 가로보 스킨플레이트 부재 등의 부식손상량과 비교하면 매우 크게 발생하고 있으며, 수문 부재의 국부적 환경에 따라 부식속도가 크게 영향을 받을 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 강재 수문의 국부적 부식환경 차이에 따른 부식손상 수준을 고려한 수문의 적절한 유지관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2000년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.199-202
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• 2000

Compared with existing construction materials, ACM(Advanced Composites Material) possesses many advantage such as light-weight, high-strength, corrosion resistant properties, etc. In this study, utilizing those advantages of ACM, composite skin and comer plate for protection of concrete port structure are developed. Detailed procedure fur analysis, design and fabrication along with site installation for demonstration project are described. It is also demonstrated that pultrusion process for comer plate and VARTM process for composite skin are promising fabrication methods fer future civil infrastructure application.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2000

In this paper, the effect of ground improvement and the countermeasure for the increase of strength in soft ground (wasted fill, marine clay) was studied through utilization of Soilcrete Cement as a material of ground improvement. Soil samples were obtained from $\bigcirc$$\bigcirc$$\bigcirc$ sanitary landfill to assess the applicability of the clay liner using Soilcrete Cement. Several laboratory tests were performed with the samples and skin corrosion tests of steel pipe covered with Soilcrete Cement were performed. As a result, Soilcrete Cement is considered to be applicable to the construction site and to be effective for the prevention of the corrosion of the steel pipe.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

피부 자극과 부식 검사에 사용되는 동물실험을 대체하기 위한 방법으로 인공피부가 개발되어 왔다. 최근에 본 연구진은 녹각교를 함유하는 새로운 인공피부를 구축하였다. 현재 연구에서는 녹각교를 포함하는 인공피부를 사용하여 물질의 독성도 검사를 수행하였다. 그리하여 sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) 또는 sodium carbonate를 인공피부에 도포하였고 표피의 손상 정도를 H&E와 면역조직화학 염색을 통하여 평가하였다. 인공피부의 표피는 SDS와 sodium carbonate에 의해 농도 의존적으로 영향을 받았다. 더 나아가 이들 물질에 의하여 p63의 발현이 감소하였다. 그러므로 녹각교를 함유하는 인공피부는 동물실험을 대체할 수 있는 모델로써 사용될 수 있고 in vitro에서 자극과 부식 검사 시험법의 발전에 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다.