• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.226-230
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• 2008

Monoolein-based cubic liquid crystalline systems were formulated for the local delivery of oregonin and hirsutanonol for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The liquid crystalline phase and its nanodispersion containing drugs were prepared. The skin permeation and deposition properties of the drugs were examined in normal and delipidized rat skin. The proportion of oregonin (%) deposited in normal skin after topical administration of the drugs in the form of aqueous solution, cubic phase or cubic nanodispersions were $1.53\;{\pm}\;0.46$, $3.62\;{\pm}\;0.17$ and $5.13\;{\pm}\;0.73$, and those of hirsutanonol were $2.46\;{\pm}\;0.02$, $5.44\;{\pm}\;0.27$ and $17.28\;{\pm}\;2.19$, respectively. The greater lipophilicity and thus greater skin affinity of hirsutanonol than oregonin contributed the greater amount of skin deposition. The monoolein-based liquid crystalline phases significantly increased the amount of both drugs permeated and deposited. Approximately 3.2, 2.1 and 3.0 times greater amount of oregonin, and 3.4, 2.1 and 2.2 times greater amount of hirsutanonol were deposited in delipidized skin after administration of each drug in the form of aqueous solution, cubic phase and cubic nanodispersions system, respectively, because of lowered barrier function of the delipidized skin. In this study, the effects of drug property, vehicles type and skin condition on skin deposition and permeation properties of drug were examined and concluded that monoolein-based liquid crystalline systems would be a promising formulation for the local delivery of drugs.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.387-412
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• 2003

Influence of gelatinase on basement membrane (BM) structure was investigated by using a skin equivalent (SE) model. The results showed that (1) gelatinase produced by cells degraded the BM and (2) the addition of matrix metalloproteinase-specific inhibitor to the SE medium accelerated the formation of BM structure, indicating that gelatinase is involved in BM impairment. The activity of gelatinase was also studied in healthy human facial skin tissues. The result of in situ zymography revealed gelatinase activity around the basal layer of the epidermis, where BM integrity was severely compromised. Therefore, this enzyme was suggested to be associated with BM decomposition in human facial skin. To assess the behavior of gelatinase in stratum corneum (SC) non-invasively, an immunological study was performed. Since positive immunostaining of pro-gelatinase B was observed in SC stripped from sun-exposed skin, whereas no positive staining detected in SC of non-irradiated skin, gelatinase in the epidermis could be non-invasively detected by measuring gelatinase in SC. Gelatinase in SC of healthy female volunteers was monitored using a special film that sensitively and conveniently detects gelatinase. Ninetr percent of SC from facial skin (l00 women, 40's-50's) was gelatinase-positive. On the other hand, SC from non-irradiated skin was negative. These results strongly suggest that (1) gelatinase is constantly produced in the facial epidermis of most middle-aged woman during their daily life, and (2) the enzyme might be involved in the aging-related degeneration of both BM and the matrix fibers of the upper layer of the dermis, acting as a very important aging factor. Strong inhibitory activity against gelatinase was found in turmeric extract and identified curcumin as the major ingredient. Topical application of cream containing turmeric extract significantly decreased the number of gelatinase-positive SC clusters in human facial skins. These results indicated that turmeric is an effective ingredient to prevent skin from photo aging by suppressing chlonically upregulated gelatinase activity by UV and to improve skin condition.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.903-916
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to discover practical health problems which hemodialysis clients experienced so as to present basic data for development of a health assessment tool. The research subjects were 70 clients receiving hemodialysis in Seoul and Inchon from Mar. 1996 to Sep. 1996. Data were collected by researcher's informal indepth interview and nurses' open ended question. Content analysis was applied to collect similar contents and common experiences in order to derivate concepts and categories for better understanding of hemodialysis clients' experiences. As a result, 9 categories derivated to identify the health problems of clients receiving hemodialysis were as follows : 1) They experienced 'the decreased digestive function' which contained the changed appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea. 2) They experienced 'the decreased respiratory and circulatory function' which contained dyspnea, changed blood pressure, tingling sensation and the fear of aggrevated vascular condition. 3) They experienced 'the aggrevated oral condition' which contained dry mouth and destruction of teeth and their soft tissue. 4) They experienced 'the decreased sensory function' which contained visual disturbances, sensation difficulty, and hearing loss. 5) They experienced 'the aggrevated skin condition' which contained dark brown skin color, dry skin (and hyperpigmentatic freckle, seborrheric keratosis, scale), itching sense, and alopethia. 6) They experienced 'the decreased urinary reproductive function' which contained anuria or oliguria, dysmenorrhea, sterility and decreased libido. 7) They experienced 'the restricted activity' which contained decreased activity, muscle cramp and stiffness of joint. 8) They experienced 'the changed mental status' which contained memory disturbance, decreased cognition, disorientation, neurosis and psychosis. 9) They experienced 'the aggrevated general condition' which contained kyphosis, weight loss, fatigue, sleep disturbance, bleeding tendency, inflammation, generalized edema and foul oder of uremia.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.228-238
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• 2007

Objectives ; Sasang Constitional Medicine is a part of Korean traditional Medicine, and classify human constitution into four types. Scalp and hair is a part of skin. Skin is one of constitutional charasteristic element. So we researched a correlation between Sasang constitutions and Korean adult scalp and hair condition. This is a basic study to find constitution can be a important factor to care scalp and hair. Methods ; We examined Sasang constitutions and scalp and hair condition of 80 human who aged from 20-50. Scalp disease, dandruff was observed by video micro scope and sebum tape diagnosis. Thickness of hair was measured by Laser Scan Micrometer(LSM-3100). Itching sense and life habit was also investigated. Constitution diagnosis and scalp, hair diagnosis was investigated seperately as a blind test and the data was statistically analyzed with chi-square test, correlation analysis, one-way analysis of varience. Results ; 1. In Sasang Constitution, Taeumin group had significant tendency of oilily scalp. 70% of Taeumin group had oilily scalp. 2. The group of dry or oilily scalp had more itching sense and more sensativity of scalp compaired to neuter scalp group. 3. There was no correlation between height, weight, thickness of hair, itching sense, scalp disease and Sasang constitution. 4. There was correlation between loss of hair and drinking alcohol, obesity, curly hair, soft scalp. Conclusions ; Korean adult scalp and hair condition had correlation with Sasang constitution.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

Onions are commonly available and easily processed, and since their skins are thrown away they could be very useful materials from the viewpoint of environmental preservation. This study aimed to process onion skins into the state of powder and look into the optimum condition for hair dyeing by decoloring virgin hair four times and observing the hair dyeing quality and its mechanical and morphologic changes by the different condition of onion skins in duration, temperature, density, pH, and mordant treatment. The observations of hair surface through scanning microscopy showed the formation of cuticle layer, though in a little blown-up state in the case of the hair dyed with onion skin application, when compared with bleaching hair with the completely dissolved cuticle layer. According to the above findings of experiments, the dyeing quality of the hair dyes with onion skin application was excellent, the dyeing was also feasible without mordants, and the use of Fe as the mordant increased dyeing exhaustion more, which would make it an effective hair dye. These results of the experiments indicate that the natural pigment extracted from onion skins can be actually used for hair dyeing from the viewpoints of the dyeing quality and the skin treatment.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

Objectives : The pores are the openings of sebaceous glands or apocrine glands. They are enlarged by various factors such as sex, age, genetic influence, sebum secretion, acne and so on. When the pores are visually recognizable, they become aesthetically problematic. There are various methods of treating pores, but we have tried to develop a method to reduce pore size by using daily cleanser. Methods : Facial skin examination was performed on 104 students of A university. Among them, 10 persons with large pore size were selected. We surveyed 72 students to determine their subjective skin condition, lifestyle, and washing habits etc. We made herbal fermented soaps using Seosiokyongsan and distributed them to experiment participants. We let them wash their face in the morning and evening for 6 weeks using herbal fermented soap. Prior to the experiment, their skin condition was checked and assessed using A-ONE Smart One-Click Automatic Facial Diagnosis System three times at 3-week intervals. After the experiment, the changes of skin were measured and analyzed through facial analysis test. Results : In our experiment, the early 20s, 9.6% of the students had slightly larger pores. For students with large pores, there was a high likelihood of side effects from using facial products. Using the fermented soap made of Seosiokyongsan, the average size of the pores and the number of large-sized pores were significantly reduced. Conclusion : Seosiokyongsan fermented soap can effectively reduce especially the large size of pores.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

Finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental studies on an elastic bending method have been performed in order to control the angular distortion at the fillet weldment for curved panel. Process parameters for the elastic bending method such as clamping span and release time were analyzed with reference to welding condition and geometric effect of the curved panel, which can minimize or prevent the angular distortion by producing a proper skin stress to the fillet weldment. The amounts of the angular distortion decrease almost in a linear manner with an increase in the skin stress. The skin stress required for non-angular distortion at the fillet weldment is strongly dependent on the plate thickness, not the heat intensity applied. The clamping span for obtaining uniform skin stress was defined as functions of the plate thickness and length of the free edge. Clamp should be removed after the fillet weldment is cooled down to room temperature for non-angular distortion. Effectiveness of the elastic bending method established was verified by its application to an actual curved panel.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.100-106
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• 2012

This research was carried out to find the mordant effect of Chestnut's inner skin on the cow leather dyed by Turmeric powder. The best proper mordanting conditions were examined by changing mordant method, concentration, temperature, bath ratio, time, and repetition. Also dyeability and surface color changes were evaluated by various mordanting methods. The optimum mordanting conditions of chestnut's inner skin extract on the cow leather were pre mordant, 80%, $50^{\circ}C$, 50:1, 40minutes, 4 repetition. The K/S values as a mordant were higher in pre mordant than post mordanting condition. Although the ${\Delta}E$ was slightly higher in post mordant than pre mordant, it was too small to find any means. The surface colors of all dyed cow leathers were yellow. Among light, dry cleaning, and abrasion fastnesses, only light fastness was increased one degree, others were same degrees.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition including severe pruritus, xerosis, visible eczematous skin lesions that mainly begin early in life. Atopic dermatitis exerts a profound impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. The estimated lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis has increased 2~3 fold during over the past 30 years, especially in urban areas in industrialized countries, emphasizing the importance of life-style and environment in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. While the interplay of individual genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to the development of atopic dermatitis, the recent increase in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis might be attributed to increased exposure to various environmental factors rather than alterations in human genome. In recent decades, there has been an increasing exposure to chemicals from a variety of sources. In this study, the effects of various environmental chemicals we face in everyday life - air pollutants, contact allergens and skin irritants, ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and food additives - on the prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis are reviewed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to find troubles in producing and using the reclaimed soaps to get the solutions of their troubles. Five kinds of reclaimed soaps were taken from religious or civic organizations and nine kinds of soaps were made by adding sodium hydroxide of different concentrations to the used vegetable oil in our laboratory. Washing efficiency, pH test, BOD, and skin irritability of the reclaimed of manufactured soaps were examined. The washing efficiency of the manufactured soaps were ±80%. The percent of free-alkali tended to increase as the amount of NaOH increased. The skinirritability was proportional to the amount of NaOH added. To make the reclaimed soap, the best percent of NaHO to used oil is 17% or 18% and this ratio(17%∼18%) should be kept. Manufactured soaps by this ratio have good apperance condition and washing efficiency. And also they have low skin irritability and free-alkali. This study has the limitations that the skin irritability test can have individual and the collected soaps couldn't represent all kinds of recaimed soap.