Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influences of Environmental Chemicals on Atopic Dermatitis

  • Received : 2015.05.23
  • Accepted : 2015.06.22
  • Published : 2015.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition including severe pruritus, xerosis, visible eczematous skin lesions that mainly begin early in life. Atopic dermatitis exerts a profound impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. The estimated lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis has increased 2~3 fold during over the past 30 years, especially in urban areas in industrialized countries, emphasizing the importance of life-style and environment in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. While the interplay of individual genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to the development of atopic dermatitis, the recent increase in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis might be attributed to increased exposure to various environmental factors rather than alterations in human genome. In recent decades, there has been an increasing exposure to chemicals from a variety of sources. In this study, the effects of various environmental chemicals we face in everyday life - air pollutants, contact allergens and skin irritants, ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and food additives - on the prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis are reviewed.

Keywords

References

  1. Simpson, E.L. and Hanifin, J.M. (2006) Atopic dermatitis. Med. Clin. North Am., 90, 149-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2005.09.002
  2. Kay, J., Gawkrodger, D.J., Mortimer, M.J. and Jaron, A.G. (1994) The prevalence of childhood atopic eczema in a general population. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 30, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70004-4
  3. Williams, H.C. (2000) Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 25, 522-529. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00698.x
  4. Herd, R.M., Tidman, M.J., Prescott, R.J. and Hunter, J.A. (1996) Prevalence of atopic eczema in the community: the Lothian Atopic Dermatitis study. Br. J. Dermatol., 135, 18-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03600.x
  5. Tanei, R. (2009) Atopic dermatitis in the elderly. Inflammation Allergy Drug Targets, 8, 398-404. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871528110908050398
  6. Tanei, R. and Katsuoka, K. (2008) Clinical analyses of atopic dermatitis in the aged. J. Dermatol., 35, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00524.x
  7. Williams, H.C., Burney, P.G., Hay, R.J., Archer, C.B., Shipley, M.J., Hunter, J.J., Bingham, E.A., Finlay, A.Y., Pembroke, A.C. and Graham-Brown, R.A. et al. (1994) The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol., 131, 383-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08530.x
  8. Lewis-Jones, M.S. and Finlay, A.Y. (1995) The children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI): initial validation and practical use. Br. J. Dermatol., 132, 942-949.
  9. Lewis-Jones, S. (2001) Atopic dermatitis in childhood. Hosp. Med., 62, 136-143. https://doi.org/10.12968/hosp.2001.62.3.1531
  10. Fivenson, D., Arnold, R.J., Kaniecki, D.J., Cohen, J.L., Frech, F. and Finlay, A.Y. (2002) The effect of atopic dermatitis on total burden of illness and quality of life on adults and children in a large managed care organization. J. Manag. Care Pharm., 8, 333-342.
  11. Leung, D.Y. and Bieber, T. (2003) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet, 361, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12193-9
  12. Williams, H.C. (2000) Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 25, 522-529. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00698.x
  13. Williams, H., Stewart, A., von Mutius, E., Cookson, W. and Anderson, H.R. (2008) Is eczema really on the increase worldwide? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 121, 947-954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.004
  14. Strachan, D.P. (1989) Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ, 299, 1259-1260. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259
  15. Akdis, C.A., Akdis, M., Bieber, T., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Boguniewicz, M., Eigenmann, P., Hamid, Q., Kapp, A., Leung, D.Y., Lipozencic, J., Luger, T.A., Muraro, A., Novak, N., Platts-Mills, T.A., Rosenwasser, L., Scheynius, A., Simons, F.E., Spergel, J., Turjanmaa, K., Wahn, U., Weidinger, S., Werfel, T. and Zuberbier, T. (2006) Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Report. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 118, 152-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.03.045
  16. Novak, N. and Simon, D. (2011) Atopic dermatitis - from new pathophysiologic insights to individualzed therapy. Allergy, 66, 830-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02571.x
  17. Suarez-Farinas, M., Tintle, S.J., Shemer, A., Chiricozzi, A., Nograles, K., Cardinale, I., Duan, S., Bowcock, A.M., Krueger, J.G. and Guttman-Yassky, E. (2011) Nonlesional atopic dermatitis skin is characterized by broad terminal differentiation defects and variable immune abnormalities. J Allergy Clin. Immunol., 127, 954-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1124
  18. Eyerich, K. and Novak, N. (2013) Immunology of atopic eczema: overcoming the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Allergy, 68, 974-982. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12184
  19. Pastar, Z., Lipozencic, J. and Ljubojevic, S. (2005) Etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis-an overview. Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat., 13, 54-62.
  20. Bonness, S. and Bieber, T. (2007) Molecular basis of atopic dermatitis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 7, 382-386. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e3282a643c3
  21. Ober, C. and Yao, T.C. (2011) The genetics of asthma and allergic disease: a 21st century perspective. Immunol. Rev., 242, 10-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01029.x
  22. Lawson, V., Lewis-Jones, M.S., Finlay, A.Y., Reid, P. and Owens, R.G. (1998) The family impact of childhood atopic dermatitis: the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire. Br. J. Dermatol., 138, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02034.x
  23. Renz, H., Conrad, M., Brand, S., Teich, R., Garn, H. and Pfefferle, P.I. (2011) Allergicdiseases, gene-environment interactions. Allergy, 66 Suppl 95, 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02622.x
  24. McFadden, J.P., White, J.M., Basketter, D.A. and Kimber, I. (2009) Does hapten exposure predispose to atopic disease? The hapten-atopy hypothesis. Trends Immunol., 30, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2008.11.006
  25. McFadden, J.P., Dearman, R.J., White, J.M., Basketter, D.A. and Kimber, I. (2011) The Hapten-Atopy hypothesis II: the 'cutaneous hapten paradox'. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 41, 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03684.x
  26. McFadden, J.P., Basketter, D.A., Dearman, R.J., Puangpet, P. and Kimber, I. (2014) Hapten-chemicalatopy hypothesis III: the potential role of airborne chemicals. Br. J. Dermatol., 170, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12602
  27. Drasch, G., Schupp, I., Hofl, H., Reinke, R. and Roider, G. (1994) Mercury burden of human fetal and infant tissues. Eur. J. Pediatr., 153, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02190671
  28. Jung, K.H., Hsu, S.I., Yan, B., Moors, K., Chillrud, S.N., Ross, J., Wang, S., Perzanowski, M.S., Kinney, P.L., Whyatt, R.M., Perera, F.P. and Miller, R.L. (2012) Childhood exposure to fine particulate matter and black carbon and the development of new wheeze between ages 5 and 7 In an urban prospective cohort. Environ. Int., 45, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.012
  29. Spira-Cohen, A., Chen, L.C., Kendall, M., Lall, R. and Thurston, G.D. (2011) Personal exposures to traffic-related air pollution and acute respiratory health among Bronx schoolchildren with asthma. Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002653
  30. Silverman, R.A. and Ito, K. (2010) Age-related association of fine particles and ozone with severe acute asthma in New York City. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 125, 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.061
  31. Montnemery, P., Nihlen, U., Goran Lofdahl, C., Nyberg, P. and Svensson, A. (2003) Prevalence of self-reported eczema in relation to living environment, socio-economic status and respiratory symptoms assessed in a questionnaire study. BMC Dermatol., 3, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-5945-3-4
  32. Penard-Morand, C., Raherison, C., Charpin, D., Kopferschmitt, C., Lavaud, F., Caillaud, D. and Annesi-Maesano, I. (2010) Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children. Eur. Respir. J., 36, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00116109
  33. Lee, Y.L., Su, H.J., Sheu, H.M., Yu, H.S. and Guo, Y.L. (2008) Traffic-related air pollution, climate, and prevalence of eczema in Taiwanese school children. J. Invest. Dermatol., 128, 2412-2420. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.110
  34. Morgenstern, V., Zutavern, A., Cyrys, J., Brockow, I., Koletzko, S., Kramer, U., Behrendt, H., Herbarth, O., von Berg, A., Bauer, C.P., Wichmann, H.E. and Heinrich, J. (2008) Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to trafficrelated air pollution in children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 177, 1331-1337. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200701-036OC
  35. Jedrychowski, W., Perera, F., Maugeri, U., Mrozek-Budzyn, D., Miller, R.L., Flak, E., Mroz, E., Jacek, R. and Spengler, J.D. (2011) Effects of prenatal and perinatal exposure to fine air pollutants and maternal fish consumption on the occurrence of infantile eczema. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 155, 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320376
  36. Just, A.C., Whyatt, R.M., Perzanowski, M.S., Calafat, A.M., Perera, F.P., Goldstein, I.F., Chen, Q., Rundle, A.G. and Miller, R.L. (2012) Prenatal exposure to butylbenzyl phthalate and early eczema in an urban cohort. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1475-1480. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104544
  37. Kim, J., Kim, E.H., Oh, I., Jung, K., Han, Y., Cheong, H.K. and Ahn, K. (2013) Symptoms of atopic dermatitis are influenced by outdoor air pollution. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 132, 495-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.019
  38. Song, S., Lee, K., Lee, Y.M., Lee, J.H., Lee, S.I., Yu, S.D. and Paek, D. (2011) Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis. Environ. Res., 111, 394-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.010
  39. Triggiani, M., Loffredo, S., Granata, F., Staiano, R.I. and Marone, G. (2011) Modulation of mast cell and basophil functions by benzene metabolites. Curr. Pharm. Des., 17, 3830-3835. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211798357863
  40. Lehmann, I., Rehwagen, M., Diez, U., Seiffart, A., Rolle-Kampczyk, U., Richter, M., Wetzig, H., Borte, M. and Herbarth, O. (2001) Enhanced in vivo IgE production and T cell polarization toward the type 2 phenotype in association with indoor exposure to VOC: results of the LARS study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 204, 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00100
  41. Gillis, B., Gavin, I.M., Arbieva, Z., King, S.T., Jayaraman, S. and Prabhakar, B.S. (2007) Identification of human cell responses to benzene and benzene metabolites. Genomics, 90, 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.05.003
  42. Eberlein-Konig, B., Przybilla, B., Kuhnl, P., Pechak, J., Gebefugi, I., Kleinschmidt, J. and Ring, J. (1998) Influence of airborne nitrogen dioxide or formaldehyde on parameters of skin function and cellular activation in patients with atopic eczema and control subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 101, 141-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70212-X
  43. Huss-Marp, J., Eberlein-Konig, B., Breuer, K., Mair, S., Ansel, A., Darsow, U., Kramer, U., Mayer, E., Ring, J. and Behrendt, H. (2006) Influence of short-term exposure to airborne Der p 1 and volatile organic compounds on skin barrier function and dermal blood flow in patients with atopic eczema and healthy individuals. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 36, 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02448.x
  44. Herbarth, O., Fritz, G.J., Rehwagen, M., Richter, M., Roder, S. and Schlink, U. (2006) Association between indoor renovation activities and eczema in early childhood. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 209, 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.01.003
  45. Lee, J.H., Suh, J., Kim, E.H., Cho, J.B., Park, H.Y., Kim, J., Ahn, K., Cheong, H.K. and Lee, S.I. (2012) Surveillance of home environment in children with atopic dermatitis: a questionnaire survey. Asian Pac. Allergy, 2, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.1.59
  46. Lee, J.Y., Seo, J.H., Kwon, J.W., Yu, J., Kim, B.J., Lee, S.Y., Kim, H.B., Kim, W.K., Kim, K.W., Shin, Y.J. and Hong, S.J. (2012) Exposure to gene-environment interactions before 1 year of age may favor the development of atopic dermatitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 157, 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328778
  47. Bornehag, C.G., Sundell, J., Weschler, C.J., Sigsgaard, T., Lundgren, B., Hasselgren, M. and Hagerhed-Engman, L. (2004) The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1393-1397. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7187
  48. Herberth, G., Bauer, M., Gasch, M., Hinz, D., Roder, S., Olek, S., Kohajda, T., Rolle-Kampczyk, U., von Bergen, M., Sack, U., Borte, M. and Lehmann, I. (2014) Maternal and cord blood miR-223 expression associates with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and low regulatory T-cell numbers. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 133, 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.036
  49. Hinz, D., Bauer, M., Roder, S., Olek, S., Huehn, J., Sack, U., Borte, M., Simon, J.C., Lehmann, I. and Herberth, G. (2012) Cord blood Tregs with stable FOXP3 expression are influenced by prenatal environment and associated with atopic dermatitis at the age of one year. Allergy, 67, 380-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02767.x
  50. Lehmann, I., Thoelke, A., Rehwagen, M., Rolle-Kampczyk., U, Schlink, U., Schulz, R., Borte, M., Diez, U. and Herbarth, O. (2002) The influence of maternal exposure to volatile organic compounds on the cytokine secretion profile of neonatal T cells. Environ. Toxicol., 17, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.10055
  51. Wang, I.J., Chen, S.L., Lu, T.P., Chuang, E.Y. and Chen, P.C. (2013) Prenatal smoke exposure, DNA methylation, and childhood atopic dermatitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 43, 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12108
  52. Wang, I.J., Guo, Y.L., Lin, T.J., Chen, P.C. and Wu, Y.N. (2010) GSTM1, GSTP1, prenatal smoke exposure, and atopic dermatitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 105, 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.04.017
  53. Yi, O., Kwon, H.J., Kim, H., Ha, M., Hong. S.J., Hong, Y.C., Leem, J.H., Sakong, J., Lee, C.G., Kim, S.Y. and Kang, D. (2012) Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on atopic dermatitis among children in Korea. Environ. Res., 113, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.12.012
  54. Jedrychowski, W., Perera, F., Maugeri, U., Mrozek-Budzyn, D., Miller, R.L., Flak, E., Mroz, E., Jacek, R. and Spengler, J.D. (2011) Effects of prenatal and perinatal exposure to fine air pollutants and maternal fish consumption on the occurrence of infantile eczema. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 155, 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320376
  55. Herr, C.E., Dostal, M., Ghosh, R., Ashwood, P., Lipsett, M., Pinkerton, K.E., Sram, R. and Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2010) Air pollution exposure during critical time periods in gestation and alterations in cord blood lymphocyte distribution: a cohort of livebirths. Environ. Health, 9, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-46
  56. Dong, G.H., Chen, T., Liu, M.M., Wang, D., Ma, Y.N., Ren, W.H., Lee, Y.L., Zhao, Y.D. and He, Q.C. (2011) Gender differences and effect of air pollution on asthma in children with and without allergic predisposition: northeast Chinese children health study. PLoS One, 6, e22470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022470
  57. Takenaka, H., Zhang, K., Diaz-Sanchez, D., Tsien, A. and Saxon, A. (1995) Enhanced human IgE production results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust: direct effects on B-cell IgE production. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 95, 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70158-3
  58. Inoue, K.I., Takano, H., Yanagisawa, R., Sakurai, M., Abe, S., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K. and Yoshikawa, T. (2007) Effects of components derived from diesel exhaust particles on lung physiology related to antigen. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 29, 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970701675002
  59. Martin, S.F. (2012) Contact dermatitis: from pathomechanisms to immunotoxicology. Exp. Dermatol., 21, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01471.x
  60. Thyssen, J.P., Linneberg, A., Menne, T. and Johansen, J.D. (2007) The epidemiology ofcontact allergy in general population - prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis, 57, 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x
  61. Basko-Plluska, J.L., Thyssen, J.P. and Schalock, P.C. (2011) Cutaneous and systemic hypersensitivity reactions to metallic implants. Dermatitis, 22, 65-79.
  62. Koller, L.D. (1980) Immunotoxicology of heavy metals. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 2, 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(80)90027-2
  63. Costa, M., Cantoni, O., de Mars, M. and Swartzendruber, D.E. (1982) Toxic metal produce an S-phase-specific cell cycle block. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 38, 405-419.
  64. Kiec-Swierczynska, M., Krecisz, B., Chomiczewska, D. and Sobala, W. (2012) Trends inallergy to the 10 most frequent contact allergens in patients examinedat the Nofer Institute, Lodz, Poland in 1996-2009. Post. Dermatol. Alergol., 1, 19-24.
  65. Garg, S., McDonagh, A.J. and Gawkrodger, D.J. (2009) Age- and sex-relatedvariations in allergic contact dermatitis to common allergens. Contact Dermatitis, 61, 46-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01563.x
  66. Friberg, L., Kullman, L., Lind, B. and Nylander, M. (1986) Mercury in the central nervous system in relation to amalgam fillings. Lakartidringen, 83, 519-522.
  67. Nylander, M. (1986) Mercury in pituitary glands of dentists. Lancet, 1, 442.
  68. Glomski, C.A., Brody, H. and Pillay, S.K. (1971) Distribution and concentration of mercury in autopsy specimens of human brain. Nature, 232, 200-201. https://doi.org/10.1038/232200a0
  69. Klimanska, M., Zmudzinska, M., Jenerowicz, D. and Czarnecka-Operacz, M. (2011) The importance of exposure to contact allergens in patients withallergic contact dermatitis. Post. Dermatol. Alergol., 3, 203-211.
  70. Ortiz, K.J. and Yiannias, J.A. (2004) Contact dermatitis to cosmetics, fragrances, and botanicals. Dermatol. Ther., 17, 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04027.x
  71. Kind, F., Scherer, K. and Bircher, A.J. (2012) Contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediaminein hair dye following sensitization to black hennatattoos - an ongoing problem. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges., 10, 572-578.
  72. Yim, E., Baquerizo Nole, K.L. and Tosti, A. (2014) Contact dermatitis caused by preservatives. Dermatitis, 25, 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0000000000000061
  73. Lever, R. (2001) The role of food in atopic eczema. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 45(Suppl 1), S57-60. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117012
  74. Lack, G. (2008) Clinical practice. Food allergy. N Engl. J. Med., 359, 1252-1260. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0800871
  75. Hanifin, J.M. (1997) Critical evaluation of food and mite allergy in the management of atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol., 24, 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02829.x
  76. Worth, A. and Sheikh, A. (2010) Food allergy and atopic eczema. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 10, 226-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283387fae
  77. Bjorksten, B. (2005) Genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of food allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 5, 249-253. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.all.0000168790.82206.17
  78. Rosinska-Wieckowicz, A. and Czarnecka-Operacz, M. (2011) Disease extentand severity in patients with atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Post. Dermatol. Alergol., 5, 382-388.
  79. Zaknun, D., Schroecksnadel, S., Kurz, K. and Fuchs, D. (2012) Potential role ofantioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in thepathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 157, 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329137
  80. Young, E., Patel, S., Stoneham, M., Rona, R. and Wilkinson, J.D. (1987) The prevalence of reaction to food additives in a survey population. J. R. Coll. Physicians Lond., 21, 241-247.
  81. Fuglsang, G., Madsen, C., Saval, P. and Osterballe, O. (1993) Prevalence of intolerance to food additives among Danish school children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 4, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00080.x
  82. Fuglsang, G., Madsen, G., Halken, S., Jorgensen, S., Ostergaard, P.A. and Osterballe, O. (1994) Adverse reactions to food additives in children with atopic symptoms. Allergy, 49, 31-37.
  83. Park, H.W., Park, C.H., Park, S.H., Park, J.Y., Park, H.S., Yang, H.J., Ahn, K.M., Kim, K.H., Oh, J.W., Kim, K.E., Pyun, B.Y., Lee, H.B. and Min, K.U. (2008) Dermatologic adverse reactions to 7 common food additives in patients with allergic diseases: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 121, 1059-1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1162

Cited by

  1. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and skin manifestations vol.17, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9371-2
  2. Asthma and atopic diseases in adolescence and antidepressant medication in middle age pp.1461-7277, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316660181
  3. vol.14, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700083
  4. Correlation between socio-economic status and atopic dermatitis in Korean adults: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2007-2014) vol.31, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14343
  5. Xylene Induces Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria Damage in Isolated Human Lymphocytes vol.33, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2017.33.3.233
  6. Atopic Dermatitis in Israeli Adolescents from 1998 to 2013: Trends in Time and Association with Migraine vol.34, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13084
  7. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants on Atopic Dermatitis vol.13, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121220
  8. Risk factors for asthma occurrence in children with early-onset atopic dermatitis: An 8-year follow-up study vol.29, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12835
  9. Sensitivity to oxazolone induced dermatitis is transferable with gut microbiota in mice vol.7, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44385
  10. Cosmetic Functional Ingredients from Botanical Sources for Anti-Pollution Skincare Products vol.5, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5010019
  11. Is there an association between indoor allergens and the severity of atopic dermatitis? pp.00119059, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14281
  12. Approach to the Assessment and Management of Adult Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Consensus Document. Section I: Pathophysiology of Atopic Dermatitis and Implications for Systemic Therapy vol.22, pp.1_suppl, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475418803626
  13. Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development pp.1558-8238, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI124612