• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.100-109
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to 1. measure the skin resistance of jeong-acupuncture points using compound electrode, and 2. develop a database of skin resistance based on age and gender. Methods : The skin resistance of jeong-acupuncture points on the hands and feet of 191 healthy volunteers was measured using a specially designed compound electrode. A constant current of $5{\mu\textrm{A}}$ was applied to the measurement points and the skin resistance was obtained using amplifier, A/D converter and Acknowledge software program, Results : 1. ANOVA statistical analysis showed no significant differences between jeong-acupuncture points on hands and feet. 2. Paired samples t-test showed no significant differences between Yin-Yang meridian points, 3. When the data were sorted by gender, factor analysis showed statistically significant differences between male and female groups in all measured points except for left foot. 4. Based on the factor analysis, a significant relationship between the skin resistance and age was found in feet. However, no such relationship was found in hands. Conclusions : There are differences in skin resistance according to sex and age, Further clinical research is necessary using compound electrode method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1994

The effects of oleic acid, propylene glycol and 5% (w/w) oleic acid in propylene glycol on the electrical properties of hairless mouse skin were studied and the results were compared. The complex electrical impedance was measured as a function of frequency, and resistance and capacitance were determined from the Nyquist plot. Immediately after the treatment with oleic acid, resistance was 145% of the pretreatment value. However it decreased with time and, after 20 hours, it was about 25% of its pretreatment value. Capacitance increased; immediately after the treatment, it was about 125% of pretreatment value and it seemed to increase slowly with time. When the skin was treated with propylene glycol, resistance decreased about 5O% and capacitance increased about 65%. Similar results were observed when the skin was treated with 5% (w/w) oleic acid in propylene glycol, except that the magnitude of resistance drop was much larger. Oleic acid acted synergistically with propylene glycol. Together with the flux data in the literature, the results obtained in this work indicate that electrical resistance is closely related to the permeability of drug molecules through the skin. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of these penetration enhancers. Overall, this work provided further mechanistic insight into the role of SC lipids in skin resistance and capacitance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.195-199
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• 1999

Background: At present, there is no reliable objective test for the diagnosis of myofascial trigger points (MFTP). We evaluated the usefulness of skin resistance point finder for the diagnosis of MFTP. Methods: 40 subjects with clinical MFTPs at the upper trapezius muscle were included in this study. Using skin resistance point finder (UNIQUE S-2010$^{(R)}$, Seik medical, Korea), we tried to find out the point of low skin resistance. At three different current level, sensitivity and specificity of this method for the diagnosis of clinically identified MFTP was evaluated. Pressure threshold for pain of low skin resistance point was measured using Pressure Threshold Meter$^{(R)}$ (Pain Diagnostics and Thermography, U.S.A.). 3 groups of point detected at different current were compared in mean pressure threshold. Results: Fixed single current of skin resistance point finder showed variable sensitivity and specificity. But, by adjusting current level, skin resistance point finder detected all of 40 clinically identified MFTPs. Although it is partially statistically significant, the mean pressure threshold of points detected at high current was high. Conclusion: Skin resistance finder can be used as objective diagnostic tool of MFTPs. There is possibility that it can be useful in evaluating treatment effect. However, more investigation is necessary.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 1996

It has been indicated that problems associated with insulin iontophoresis are low bioavailability, slow absorption rate and the use of high dosage. Pretreatment of skin as a method of solving these problems was used in alloxan-induced diabetic white rabbits. Skins were treated with skin needle, electric razor, knife razor and scotch tape. Transport data shows that insulin delivery was enhanced significantly by the treatment which disrupt the barrier properties of stratum corneum. The data also shows that insulin absorption lasted for several hours after the cessation of iontophoresis. The degree of skin treatment was estimated by measuring the electrical resistance of skin. When the skins were treated with skin needle and electric razor, the standard deviations of resistance were small, which suggests the possibility of uniform delivery of insulin. The dermal responses after the invasive delivery were evaluated in accordance with OECD Guideline. It seems that electrical resistance of the skin correlate well with the dermal irritation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1996

The kinetic change of electrical resistance of hairless mouse skin as a function of ionic strength of the bathing medium was determined from impedance measurements. After increasing (decreasing) the ionic strength of the bathing medium, resistance decreased (increased) continuously with time, finally reaching an equilibrium value. We have modelled this process, using nonsteady-state diffusion kinetics. The results show semi-quantitative correlation between theoretically derived and experimentally obtained values. Overall, this work provides further mechanistic insight into ion-conduction through the skin.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to suggest a new method to estimate the resistance by acupoint compositions by using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis(MF-BIA) of 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz within 2 cm of acupoints as a local segment. Moreover, we try to confirm the relation to between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth. Methods : Ten male subjects participated in this study. We measured the resistance at left/right ST36 at skin surface and various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(skin, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm). Results : It was also observed that the all measured resistances were the highest at 5 kHz and the lowest at 200 kHz. There were significant differences at 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the left and right identical acupoints under the identical condition(p>0.05). Conclusions : We conclude that the measured resistance at skin surface has limitation as to reflect the information of tissue. However, the measured resistance at each frequency was changed as similar pattern by different insertion depth. Hence, we confirmed the possibility of assumption on information of tissue which was expected to locate an acupoint.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권3호spc1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1994

The effect of Azone and ethanol on the electrical properties of human and hairless mouse skin was studied and the results were compared. The complex electrical impedance was measured as a function of frequency, and resistance and capacitance were determined from Nyquist plot. After the treatment of human-heat separated epidermis with Azone, contrary to the expectation, resistance increased about 60% and it did not change with time. Capacitance also increased; immediately after the treatment, it was about 110% of pretreatment value and it increased further with time. On the other hand, when hairless mouse skin was treated with Azone, marked changes occured; resistance fell almost to the value of bathing medium itself and capacitance increased to about 200% of its pretreatment value. Similar result were obtained when hairless mouse skin was treated with 100% ethanol. The results suggest that there are differences in the strength of barrier properties of stratum corneum (SC) between human and hairless mouse skin. Overall, the results provide further mechanistic insight into ion conduction through the skin and into the role of SC lipids in skin capacitance.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.153-160
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• 2003

While the interests on the environmental problem during the construction are increasing, the use of low noise-vibration auger-drilled pilling is increasing to solve noise and vibration problem in pilling. Therefore, in Korea, SIP(Soil-Cement Injected Precast Pile) method is mainly used as auger-drilled pilling. However, there is no proper design criteria compatible with the ground condition of Korea, so which is most wanted. To improve and supplement this situation, direct shear tests between SIP pile skin interface and soil were executed on various conditions. Through the analysis of test results, skin resistance characteristics of SIP were investigated thoroughly. Also, the nonlinear unit skin resistance capacity model with SM, SC soil were suggested.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2002

건설공사에서 발생하는 환경문제에 대한 관심이 고조되는 가운데 기성 말뚝을 항타하는 과정에서 유발되는 소음, 진동문제를 해결하기 위해 저소음, 저진동 공법인 매입말뚝공법이 많이 적용되고 있다. 국내에서는 매입말뚝공법으로 SIP공법이 주로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 SIP공법에 관한 합리적인 지지력 산정식이 제시되어있지 못한 실정이다. 이에 대해 본 연구에서는 SIP 말뚝의 주면저항력 특성을 고찰하여 이러한 문제점들을 개선, 보완하기 위하여 다양한 조건에서 SIP 말뚝 주면과 지반흙 사이의 경계면에 대하여 직접전단시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과를 토대로 통일분류상 SM, SC 지반에서의 SIP 말뚝 주면저항력 특성을 고찰하고 해당 지반에서 최대주면저항력 산정식을 제시하였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

건설공사에서 발생하는 환경문제에 대한 관심이 고조되는 가운데 기성 말뚝을 항타하는 과정에서 유발되는 소음, 진동문제를 해결하기 위해 저소음, 저진동 공법인 매입말뚝공법이 많이 적용되고 있다. 국내에서는 매입말뚝공법으로 SIP공법이 주로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 SIP공법에 관한 합리적인 지지력 산정식이 제시되어있지 못한 실정이다. 이에 대해 본 연구에서는 SIP 말뚝의 주면저항력 특성을 고찰하여 이러한 문제점들을 개선, 보완하기 위하여 다양한 조건에서 SIP말뚝 주면과 지반사이의 경계면에 대하여 직접전단 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 결과를 토대로 통일분류상 SM, SC 지반에서의 SIP말뚝 주면저항력 특성을 고찰하고 해당 지반에서 주면저항력 산정식을 제시하였다. 또한, 말뚝 경계요소의 저항력에 대한 새로운 비선형 수치 모델식과 계수산정식을 제안하였다.