• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 1999

This study propose to analyze the design method and the form elements of museums, of works by Richard Meier, and through the analysis, spacial characteristics of museums will be understood. The museum works of Richard Meier, as an exhibition space, not only display the art works efficiently, but they also offer visitors the opportunity to experience the art of architecture, as a cultural space. Richard Meier, when working on the projects, has utilized the design methods and the architectural language, learned from Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, resourcefully. Having the structural grid as basis, the rational rectangular forms were intended for exhibition space, while the circular and partial circular forms of geometry were utilized in formative space. This was able to maintain the balance between functional and formative space. In the museums of his works, the ramp and the glass wall separated from the structure become very important means of expression. The ramps, not only make people to enjoy the interior and exterior of museum, but also able them to see the works of art from different distances and angles repeatedly and the large glass wall reveals the various shapes of interior to exterior. In comparing with the design method and language of two masters mentioned, the design principles and elements, developed by Meier were applied to the site plans, exhibition space planning and elevations to manifest its originality. The design concept, derived from the urban fabric and historical buildings around, gave harmony to the museum with its surroundings, and employing the deformed axis brought variation and the effect of diversion to the site plan. The exhibition space is much vitalized by the well arrangement of various exhibition fixtures in the museum. The exhibion fixtures, which the partitions, shelves, miches, and stages were put together in flexibility, play multiple roles as partitions dividing spaces, as furniture displaying art works, and as elements creating forms. The systematically arranged fixtures, also produce several visual axes and centers, which have visitors appreciate the works of art in various perspectives, hence create a unique environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.11-28
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• 2021

Due to its size and complex characteristics, it is not often to newly create a large park within an existing urban area. Also, there has been a lack of research on the planting design methodologies for a large park. This study aims to elucidate how ecological ideas can be applied to planting practice from a designer's perspective, and eventually suggest a planting design framework in the actual case, the Central Park in the City of Gwangju. This framework consists of spatial structure of planting area in order to connect and unite the separated green patches, to adapt to the changes of existing vegetation patterns, to maintain the visual continuity of landscape, and to organize the whole open space system. The framework can be provided for the spatial planning and planting design phase in which the landscape designer flexibly uses it with the design intentions as well as with an understanding of the physical, social, and aesthetic characteristics of the site. The significance of this approach is, first that it can maintain ecological and visual consistency of the both existing and introduced landscapes as a whole in spite of its intrinsic complexity and largeness, and second that it can help efficiently respond to the unexpected changes in the landscape. In the case study, comprehensive site analysis is conducted before developing the framework. In particular, wetlands and grasslands have been identified as potential wildlife habitat which critically determines the vegetation patterns of the green area. Accordingly, the lists of plant communities are presented along with the planting scheme for their shape, layout, and relations. The model of the plant community is developed responding to the structure of surrounding natural landscape. However, it is not designed to evolve to a specific plant community, but is rather a conceptual model of ecological potentials. Therefore, the application of the model has great flexibility by using other plant communities as an alternative as long as the characteristics of the communities are appropriate to the physical conditions. Even though this research provides valuable implications for landscape planning and design in the similar circumstances, there are several limitations to be overcome in the further research. First, there needs to be more sufficient field surveys on the wildlife habitats, which would help generate a more concrete planting model. Second, a landscape management plan should be included considering the condition of existing forest, in particular the afforested landscapes. Last, there is a lack of quantitative data for the models of some plant communities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.10-23
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• 2021

During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. Changgyeonggung Palace is the most demolished palace with the establishment of a zoo, botanical garden, and museum. During the Japanese colonial period, the palaces of Joseon were damaged in many parts. This study examined the construction process of Jangseogak(Yi Royal-Family Museum), located right next to the Jagyeongjeon site, which was considered the most important space in the Changgyeonggung residential area of royal family zone, through historical materials and field research. Built in 1911, Jangseogak is located at a location overlooking the entire Changgyeonggung Palace and overlooking the Gyeongseong Shrine of Namsan in the distance. Changes in the surrounding space during the construction of Jangseogak can be summarized as follows. First, in the early 1910s, the topography of the garden behind Jagyeongjeon and part of the Janggo were damaged to create the site of Jangseogak. The front yard was built in the front of Jangseogak, and a stone pillar was installed, and a staircase was installed to the south. In the process, the original stone system at the rear of Yanghwadang was destroyed, and it is presumed that Jeong Iljae and other buildings were demolished. Second, in the 1920s, many pavilions were demolished and the zoo and botanical gardens and museums were completed through leveling. After the Jangseogak was completed, the circulation of the Naejeon and surrounding areas was also changed. Cherry trees and peonies were planted in the flower garden around the front yard of Jangseogak and the stairs, and a Japanese-style garden was created between Yanghwadang and Jibbokheon. Third, in the 1930s, the circulation around Jangseogak was completed in its present form, and the museum, Jangseogak, Zoological and Botanical Gardens, and Changgyeonggung, which became a cherry tree garden, were transformed into a Japanese-style cultural park. After that, the surrounding space did not change much until it was demolished. The restoration of the present palace is a long-term, national project of the Cultural Heritage Administration. The results of this study will provide important data for the restoration plan of Changgyeonggung Palace in the future, and it is expected that it will provide additional information to related researchers in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2022

The vegetation of historical sites has been a form of vegetation that has remained since some years ago, but in modern times, vegetation and terrain have been deformed or damaged due to urban development, which was followed by an industrialization. As a solution to this, it is necessary to establish a plan for restoration and management by referring to the vegetation and landscape remaining in the historic site as indicators. This study was conducted to provide basic data for vegetation and landscape management of Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul by comparing and analyzing location characteristics, existing vegetation, and remaining vegetation of past substitutional vegetation for Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul. As a result of the study, Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong are located near the main stream of the Han River, Pungnaptoseong is located on a flat land consisting of natural embankments and floodplains, and Mongchontoseong is located on a hilly area. In the case of existing vegetation, it has been confirmed that Pungnaptoseong mainly has ornamental trees planting sites, while Mongchontoseong has a distribution of residual species from the past that grow in villages and hilly lowlands. The Substitutional vegetation of Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong was synthesized based on the location characteristics and actual vegetation, it is estimated that the hilly areas may have been divided into "Quercus aliena Blume.", "Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb." and so on, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc." on dry land,"Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Juglans mandshurica Maxim.", "Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud." in rivers and tributaries, "Quercus acutissima Carruth." in the main part of the forest, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.", "Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino." as a divine tree in the beginning of the village. Since the 1960s, all substitutional vegetation in the past has disappeared due to the introduction of foreign species and the creation of urban areas in Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, and the landscape has also been damaged. Fortunately, the substitutional vegetation was estimated in consideration of the species of residual trees distributed along the walls, climate, location characteristics, and times, but this study was conducted based on literature and existing vegetation surveys. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the past target vegetation in Baekje historical sites in Seoul through quantitative experiments such as plant relic analysis in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.63-76
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• 2022

This study was conducted to compare the perceptions of the park use status, importance, and satisfaction of users in the first implemented and completed Uijeongbu Jikdong Neighborhood Park among the private park special projects carried out as a countermeasure for long-term non-execution of urban parks. To this end, in the initiated project, apartment residents and non-residents were classified according to the promotion plan, and a questionnaire research on importance and satisfaction was conducted to analyze the park use status and IPA(importance-performance analysis). First, as a result of the analysis of the current situation in terms of locational characteristics that occur during the promotion of special projects for private parks, unlike the mountainous areas, the targeted site was close to flat land, indicating that users' satisfaction with the landscape was high. Second, the access of the apartment residents in the initiated project site was easy. Thus, the use rate of residents was relatively higher than that of the non-residents. Third, differences in perception by item were identified through the analysis of IPA and the establishment of strategies. In quadrant I, among the facilities and services, installing restrooms was the priority for residents, and parking facilities and rest facilities were the priority than installing restrooms for non-residents. In quadrant II, overall scores for residents and non-residents were similar, but the distance to the park was in quadrant III due to the low level of satisfaction among non-residents. In this study, the difference in perception between residents and non-residents may cause problems in access and facilities in managing the park in the future. Therefore, it would be necessary to find a way to improve it by establishing a management strategy that takes into account the difference in the perception of residents after construction. In addition, through the results of this study, it was judged that the purpose of park development, the selection of types of parks, and the selection of plans and management indicators for each kind would be significant in the promotion of initiated projects in the planning of park development.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.72-94
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• 2022

This study is about the architectural changes over time in Dongchun-gotaek, the house of Song Jun-gil, one of the representative figures of the Hoseosarim(湖西士林), also an architectural cultural asset representing Daejeon. Data related to Sangryang(上樑) found in the restoration process of Dongchundang(同春堂) and DongchundangJongtaek(同春堂 宗宅), the state designated heritage application report written by Daejeon Metropolitan City, Deokeun-gaseung(德恩家乘), a book which has been handed down from generation to generation from Dongchundang Munjeonggongpa(同春堂 文正公派) of Eunjin Song's Clan and the results of partial excavation surveys respectively conducted in 2010 and 2020 were used as basic research data, and these data were compared and analyzed to examine the changes of the arrangement of Dongchundang, Jeongchim(正寢), and ancestral shrine buildings. Dongchundang was built by Song Jun-Gil. Rather than a new building, it was a building that was basically relocated to its current area when Cheongjwawa(淸坐窩), which was built by his father, dilapidated, and the timing of its construction can be clarified through Sangryangmun(上樑文). However, in the estimated area of Cheongjwawa, no exact site was found in two surveys of buried cultural heritages. In the case of Jeongchim, it was possible to confirm that it had been relocated two times, and it can be said that the biggest achievement of this study was to confirm that the first relocation was outside the current fence. In addition, one of the building sites which was identified in the excavation survey for confirming the servants' quarters was estimated to be the first construction at the site of Dongchun-gotaek. In the shrine area, there were the first constructed Gamyo(家廟), including Byeolmyo(別廟) dedicated to Bulcheonwi(不遷位), and Jomyo(祧廟) dedicated to Checheon(遞遷), and it can be seen that it was a space where many changes such as new construction, demolition, or mutual exchange of location occurred over time. The present buildings arrangement through these processes was not far from the original plan of Song Joon-gil. Therefore, the name of 'Dongchun-gotaek' is appropriate.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2022

The East Nine Royal Tombs is a representative place in the Royal Tombs of Joseon (a World Heritage Site). It consists of 1,289 stone artifacts including 979 related stone structures, 310 stone statues, and objects. Most of the stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs are composed of biotite granite, but some tombs are composed of light red granite. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the average data from Geonwolleung to Mongneung, excluding Hyeolleung, were similar, so it is estimated that stones were obtained from the same quarry. In the case of Sungneung, Sureung, and Gyeongneung, the range of susceptibility measurement is widely distributed. It assumed that the newly produced stones were mixed in the moving and construction process. Also, stones might be gathered from different quarries. As a result of a conservation status investigation, both the mound member and the ridge stone had the highest damage rate due to peeling and granular decomposition according to surface weathering. In the case of surface discoloration, yellowing and soils were found in the burial mound members. Yellowing, blackening, and soil were identified in the ridge stone structures. Bio-degradation is the major factor of deterioration of the East Nine Royal Tombs and the conservation status of the tombs were detected as grades 4 to 5. It seems that it is easy for the environment of the royal tombs to form soil for the microorganisms and fine conditions for continuous moisture. In the case of structures, they are in relatively good condition. As a result of a comprehensive damage rating for each tomb, the overall condition is good, but the Geonwolleung Royal Tomb and Hyeolleung Tomb, which were created in the early period, had relatively high weathering ratings. Stone objects in East Nine Royal Tombs have lost many pieces and gateway members due to surface deterioration. Also, secondary damage is ongoing. Each damage factor of the stone artifacts of the East Nine Royal Tombs combines to cause various and continuous damages. Therefore, it is necessary to establish regular conservation status data of the stone artifacts for efficient management after processing as well as conservation treatment of the royal tombs, and specific management manuals and systems. This study investigated the conservation status of stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs, a World Heritage Site, and systematically classified them to provide priority and necessity for conservation processing. We look forward to establishing a plan for the conservation and management of the East Nine Royal Tombs with this database in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.54-70
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• 2023

Surveys and studies on cultural assets using LiDAR measurement are already active overseas. Recently, awareness of the advantages and availability of LiDAR measurement has increased in Korea, and cases of using it for surveys of cultural assets are gradually increasing. However, it is usually restricted to surveys of mountain fortresses and is not actively used for surveys of ancient tombs yet. Therefore, this study intends to emphasize the need to secure fundamental data from LiDAR measurement for the era from the Three Kingdoms to Unified Silla in which recovery, maintenance, etc., in addition to the actual surveys, are unfulfilled due to the sites being mainly distributed in mountainous areas. For this, LiDAR measurement was executed for the area of Jangsan Ancient Tombs and Chunghyo-dong Ancient Tombs in Seoak-dong, Gyeongju, to review the distribution and geographical conditions of ancient tombs. As a result, in the Jangsan Ancient Tombs, in which a precision archaeological (measurement) survey was already executed, detailed geographic information and distribution conditions could be additionally identified, which could not be known only with the layout indicated by the topographic map of the existing report. Also, in the Chunghyo-dong Ancient Tombs, in which an additional survey was not conducted after 10 tombs were found during the Japanese colonial period, the location of the ancient tombs initially excavated was accurately identified, and the status and additional information was acquired, such as on the conditions of ancient tombs not surveyed. Such information may also be used as fundamental data for the preservation and maintenance of future ancient tombs in addition to the survey and study of the ancient tombs themselves. LiDAR measurement is most effective for identifying the condition of ancient tombs in mountainous areas where observation is difficult or access is limited due to the forest zone. It may be executed before on-site surveys, such as archaeological surveys, to secure data with high availability as prior surveys or pre-surveys. Therefore, it is necessary to secure fundamental data from LiDAR measurement in future surveys of ancient tombs and to establish a survey and maintenance/utilization plan based on this. To establish survey/study and preservation/maintenance measures for ancient tombs located in mountainous areas, a precision archaeological survey is currently executed to draw up a distribution chart of ancient tombs. If LiDAR measurement data is secured before this and used, a more effective and accurate distribution chart can be drawn up, and the actual conditions can be identified. Also, most omissions or errors in information can be prevented in on-site surveys of large regions. Therefore, it is necessary to accumulate fundamental data by actively using LiDAR measurement in future surveys of ancient tombs.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 2024

This study conducted a survey two times at 20 points from April to June and from August to October 2022 to characterize the fish community and reveal the health of the Anyang stream. The survey collected 3,186 individuals belonging to 5 orders, 10 families and 34 species. The dominant species was Zacco platypus (43.4%), followed by Carassius auratus (10.1%), Cyprinus carpio (7.6%), Zacco koreanus (6.2%), Pungtungia herzi (5.2%), Oryzias sinensis (5.1%), Pseudorasbora parva (4.7%), Squalidus gracilis majimae (4.4%), Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (3.5%), Hemiculter eigenmanni (3.3%), Rhodeus ocellatus (1.4%), and Chelon haematocheilus (1.0%). Among the emerged species, 5 species (14.7%), including Rhodeus uyekii, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, and Odontobutis interrupta, were endemic to Korea, and 4 species (11.8%), including Cyprinus carpio (Israeli type), Lepomis macrochirus, Micropterus salmoides, and Poecilia reticulata, were exotic. The fish community analysis showed that the dominance was higher at the upper reaches of the Anyang stream and decreased downstream, and diversity, richness, and evenness were higher in tributary than mainstream. Stream health (fish assessment index, FAI) was generally poor, as it was rated as moderate (C) at seven sites, poor (D) at eight sites, and very poor (E) at five sites. Water quality was evaluated at eight sites, and it was rated as poor (V) at two sites, slightly poor (IV) at one site, moderate (III) at four sites, and slightly good (II) at one site, indicating that the overall water quality was poor and that the water quality had a significant impact on river health and fish habitat. Moreover, it was found that many weirs without fishways were constructed in the Anyang stream and became an obstacle to fish migration. Therefore, a systematic management plan to improve water quality and add fishways is necessary to improve the stream's health and conserve stable fish habitat.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2024

In Korea, as disasters become larger and more complex, there is a trend of shifting from a focus on response and recovery to a focus on prevention and preparedness. In order to prevent and prepare for disasters, each local government manages disaster management resources by stockpiling them. However, although disaster management resources are stored in individual warehouses, they are managed by department rather than by warehouse, resulting in insufficient management of disaster management resources due to the heavy workload of those in charge. In order to intensively manage these disaster management resources, an integrated disaster management resource management center is established and managed at the metropolitan/provincial level. In the case of Gangwon-do, the subject of this study, a warehouse is rented and operated as an integrated disaster management resource management center. When leasing an integrated management center, there is the inconvenience of having to move the location every 1 to 2 years, so it is deemed necessary to build a dedicated facility in an available site. To select a location candidate, network analysis was used to measure access to and use of facilities along interconnected routes of networks such as roads and railways. During network analysis, the Location-Allocation method, which was widely used in the past to determine the location of multiple facilities, was applied. As a result, Hoengseong-gun in Gangwon-do was identified as a suitable candidate site. In addition, if the integrated management center uses our country's logistics system to stockpile disaster management resources, local governments can mobilize disaster management resources in 3 days, and it is said that it takes 3 days to return to normal life after a disaster occurs. Each city's disaster management resource stockpile is 3 days' worth per week, and the integrated management center stores 3 times the maximum of the city's 4-day stockpile.