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Planting Design Strategy for a Large-Scale Park Based on the Regional Ecological Characteristics - A Case of the Central Park in Gwangju, Korea -

지역의 생태적 특성을 반영한 대형공원의 식재계획 전략 - 광주광역시 중앙근린공원을 사례로 -

  • 김미연 (조경기술사사무소 지공)
  • Received : 2021.03.15
  • Accepted : 2021.05.10
  • Published : 2021.07.06

Abstract

Due to its size and complex characteristics, it is not often to newly create a large park within an existing urban area. Also, there has been a lack of research on the planting design methodologies for a large park. This study aims to elucidate how ecological ideas can be applied to planting practice from a designer's perspective, and eventually suggest a planting design framework in the actual case, the Central Park in the City of Gwangju. This framework consists of spatial structure of planting area in order to connect and unite the separated green patches, to adapt to the changes of existing vegetation patterns, to maintain the visual continuity of landscape, and to organize the whole open space system. The framework can be provided for the spatial planning and planting design phase in which the landscape designer flexibly uses it with the design intentions as well as with an understanding of the physical, social, and aesthetic characteristics of the site. The significance of this approach is, first that it can maintain ecological and visual consistency of the both existing and introduced landscapes as a whole in spite of its intrinsic complexity and largeness, and second that it can help efficiently respond to the unexpected changes in the landscape. In the case study, comprehensive site analysis is conducted before developing the framework. In particular, wetlands and grasslands have been identified as potential wildlife habitat which critically determines the vegetation patterns of the green area. Accordingly, the lists of plant communities are presented along with the planting scheme for their shape, layout, and relations. The model of the plant community is developed responding to the structure of surrounding natural landscape. However, it is not designed to evolve to a specific plant community, but is rather a conceptual model of ecological potentials. Therefore, the application of the model has great flexibility by using other plant communities as an alternative as long as the characteristics of the communities are appropriate to the physical conditions. Even though this research provides valuable implications for landscape planning and design in the similar circumstances, there are several limitations to be overcome in the further research. First, there needs to be more sufficient field surveys on the wildlife habitats, which would help generate a more concrete planting model. Second, a landscape management plan should be included considering the condition of existing forest, in particular the afforested landscapes. Last, there is a lack of quantitative data for the models of some plant communities.

대형공원은 그 크기와 복잡한 특성 때문에 기존 도시 내에 조성되는 기회가 흔하지 않다. 또한, 대규모 부지에서의 식재설계 방법에 관한 실천적 연구 역시 부족한 상황이다. 본 연구는 광주광역시 중앙공원을 사례로 대형공원에서의 식재설계 접근방법과 생태적 이론이 실질적인 식재설계 방법으로 구체화 되는 과정을 설계가의 관점에서 설명함으로써, 유사한 규모의 공간 설계 시 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 구체적인 식재설계의 선행과정으로서, 거시적인 스케일에서 녹지의 연결, 식생의 변화, 경관의 흐름, 오픈스페이스의 분포 등 공원 전체의 녹지구조를 계획하고, 나아가 녹지구조를 구성하는 식생형과 식물군락의 구조를 제안하였다. 이 연구의 결과물은 식재 설계 단계에서 공간의 기능과 성격, 식재 연출효과 등 설계자의 의도와 해석을 담아 탄력적으로 적용될 수 있다. 이러한 접근법의 의의는 대형공원의 복잡성과 규모에도 불구하고, 계획된 범주 내에서 설계를 진행함으로써 첫째, 기존 수림을 포함한 공원전체 경관의 시각적 일관성과 의도된 질서를 유지할 수 있다는 점과, 둘째, 대형공원이 지닌 변동가능성, 예측불가능성 등의 특성에 효과적으로 대응할 수 있다는 것이다. 연구의 세부 내용은 다음과 같다. 녹지계획에 우선하여 대상지의 물리적 환경을 분석하였다. 특히, 토지이용변화를 분석하여 잠재된 서식처로서 습지와 초지의 가능성을 확인했다. 녹지구조는 서식처 유형에 따른 식생형으로 구성되며, 녹지의 모양, 배치, 관계에 대한 계획과 함께 식생형을 구성하는 식물군락의 특징과 목록도 제시하였다. 각 식물군락은 지역의 자연식생을 참고하여 군락의 구조를 모델화하였다. 특히, 이 모델은 특정식물군락을 목표로 한 것이 아니라 기대하는 효과에 부합되는 군락을 개념화한 것이므로 식생형의 조건과 군락의 목표에 부합된다면 다른 식물군락도 이 모델에 적용하여 대안으로 활용할 수 있는 유연함을 갖는다. 본 연구의 한계점으로는 첫째, 생태적 공원의 식재설계임에도 불구하고, 야생동물 및 조류, 곤충 등을 위한 서식환경에 대해 충분히 고려하지 못하였고, 둘째, 대상지내 기존 산림, 특히 조림 숲에 대한 관리 방안이 계획에서 배제되었으며, 셋째, 식물군락 모델계획은 기존의 식물사회학 연구를 참고하여 자연의 식물군락구조를 적용하였는데, 일부 식물군락의 경우 정량적이고 객관적인 기준의 적용에 한계가 있었다는 점 등을 들 수 있다.

Keywords

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