• 열처리공학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2008

The implant prototypes with various porosities were fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering of atomized spherical titanium balls. The interface was observed by optical microscope. Sintering temperature and holding time were selected at the point of big change of Z-axis ratio during sintering. These experiments show that Spark Plasma Sintering of spherical titanium balls can be efficiently used to produce implants surfaced with titanium balls with various porosities in a short time less than 120 seconds by manipulating the current condition such as z-axis, temperature and balls size.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

당일수복 보철물 제작을 위해 디지털 프로세스 사용은 필수적이다. 이러한 디지털 프로세스는 구강스캔, 컴퓨터를 이용한 보철물을 디자인 과정(CAD)과 보철물을 가공하는 과정(CAM)을 포함한다. 지르코니아의 굴곡강도는 900Mpa로 리튬디실리케이트의 400MPa보다 더 단단하지만, 리튬디실리케이트를 이용한 보철물 기공시간이 지르코니아와 비교하여 더 짧기에 당일수복 보철물 제작시 리튬디실리케이트 사용이 선호되었다. 하지만, TZI C 와 LUXEN Enamel 와 같은 새로운 소재의 지르코니아가 출시되고, 새로운 소결방식이 개발되어 지르코니아 기공시간을 단축시킬수 있게 되었고, 높은 투명도의 풀지르코니아 크라운을 짧은 시간 안에 제작할 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 발전은 당일 풀지르코니아 보철수복을 현실로 이끌고 있다.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.648-652
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• 2005

대기압하에서 소결이 어렵다고 알려진 초이온 전도체인 $K^+$-beta-aluminas를 attrition mill을 이용하여 약 350 nm의 평균 입도를 가지는 분말로 분쇄한 후, 시편을 일축가압 성형하여 상압 하에서 동일조성의 분위기 분말을 이용하여 소결하였다. 소결온도는 $1400^{\circ}C{\sim}1650^{\circ}C$까지 $50^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 소결하였으며, 각 소결온도에서 시간에 따른 소결특성을 살펴보았다. 또한 고온에서 입자 성장 속도를 조절하기 위하여 $1600^{\circ}C$에서 zone sintering을 실시하였다. $1600^{\circ}C$와 $1650^{\circ}C$에서 소결한 경우와 $1600^{\circ}C$에서 zone sintering한 시편의 경우, 각각 약 93%와 95%의 소결 밀도를 나타내었다. $1600^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 2 h 이상 장시간 소결할 경우, 입자의 거대성장으로 인하여 소결밀도가 90% 미만으로 감소하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.121-137
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• 2010

This work presents inexpensive inorganic precursor formulations to yield submicron range symmetric ceramic microfiltration (MF) membranes whose average pore sizes were between 0.1 and $0.4{\mu}m$. Incidentally, the sintering temperature used in this work was about 800 to $950^{\circ}C$ instead of higher sintering temperatures ($1100^{\circ}C$) that are usually deployed for membrane fabrication. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature on various phase transformations during sintering process. The effect of sintering temperature on structural integrity of the membrane as well as pore size distribution and average pore size were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The average pore sizes of the membranes were increased from 0.185 to $0.332{\mu}m$ with an increase in sintering temperature from 800 to $950^{\circ}C$. However, a subsequent reduction in membrane porosity (from 34.4 to 19.6%) was observed for these membranes. Permeation experiments with both water and air were carried out to evaluate various membrane morphological parameters such as hydraulic pore diameter, hydraulic permeability, air permeance and effective porosity. Later, the membrane prepared with a sintering temperature of $950^{\circ}C$ was tested for the treatment of synthetic oily waste water to verify its real time applicability. The membrane exhibited 98.8% oil rejection efficiency and $5.36{\times}10^{-6}\;m^3/m^2.s$ permeate flux after 60 minutes of experimental run at 68.95 kPa trans-membrane pressure and 250 mg/L oil concentration. Based on retail and bulk prices of the inorganic precursors, the membrane cost was estimated to be $220 /$m^2$ and $1.53 /$m^2$, respectively.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.3.1-3.1
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• 2009

Normal sintering process of producing porous ceramics is not to sinter perfectly, i.e., stop sintering in middle-process. Our porous ceramic materials are a product of complete sintering. For example if one want to make a porous carborundum, raw carborundum powder is sintered at either lower temperatures than normal sintering temperature or shorter sintering periods than normal sintering time to obtain incompletely sintered materials, i.e., porous carborundum. This implies normally sintered porous ceramic materials can mot be used in high vacuum conditions due to dust coming out from uncompleted sintering. We could produce completely sintered porous ceramic materials. For example, we can produce porous carborundum material by using carborundum particles bonded by glassy material. The properties of this material are similar to carborundum. We could make quasi-zero thermal expansion porous material by using carborundum and particles of negative thermal expansion materials bonded by the glassy material. We apply to sinter them also by microwave to sinter quickly. We also use HIP process to introduce closed pores. We could sinter them in large size to produce $2.5m{\times}2.5m$ ceramic plate to use as a precision plate for flat display industries. This flat ceramic plate is the world largest artificial ceramic plate. Precision plates are basic importance to any advanced electronic industries. The produced precision plate has lower density, lower thermal expansivity, higher or similar damping properties added extra properties such as vacuum vise, air sliding capacity. These plates are highly recommended to use in flat display industries. We could produce also cylindrical porous ceramics materials, which can applied to precision roller for polymer film precision motion for also electronic industries.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.528-534
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• 2012

In this study, the densification behavior and microstructural evolution of CuO were examined when this material was sintered at different temperatures in $O_2$, air and Ar atmospheres. The CuO samples maintained their phases even after prolonged sintering at $900-1100^{\circ}C$ in an oxygen atmosphere. When sintering in air, the densification was faster than it was when sintering in oxygen. However, when the samples were sintered at $1100^{\circ}C$, large pores were observed in the sample due to the phase transformation from CuO to $Cu_2O$ which accompanies the generation of oxygen gas. The pore channels in the sample became narrower as the sintering time increased, eventually undergoing a Rayleigh breakup and forming discrete isolated pores. On the other hand, CuO sintering in Ar did not contribute to the densification, as all CuO samples underwent a phase transformation to $Cu_2O$ during the heating process.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.94-98
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• 2002

Two kinds of multifilament Bi-2223／Ag tapes, which are different in the precursor calcination temperatures, were heat treated for different time (12, 20, 30, 50, 70, or 100 h) firstly to obtain varied B2223 contents, and then followed by the same pressing and sintering cycles. The relation of the 2223 phase contents after the first sintering and the transport property of the fully processed tapes was studied. The results show that 75-80% 2223 phase formed in tapes before the first cold pressing is beneficial to get a high $I_{c}$ in the final tapes. Compensating the total heat treatment time of the tapes first sintered for 20 h to the same length as that first sintered for 50 h in the subsequent sintering stages, different $I_{c}$ enhancements were observed in these two tapes. No improvement on $I_{c}$ was found in the tape made from the powder calcined at higher temperature, whereas for the tape prepared with the lower temperature calcined powder, the $I_{c}$ was increased to the same level as that first sintered for 50 h. The 2223 contents before the intermediate mechanical work is related to the residual reactants, especially to the liquid phase, which is of vital importance to the phase conversion and healing microcracks, meanwhile, to the size and distribution of the non-superconducting secondary phases. The lower temperature calcined powder resulted in slow formation of 2223 phase, but also provided more reactants and liquid phase for the further phase conversion, as a consequence, for the Improvement of $I_{c}$. c/.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.122-133
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to develop an effective process for fabricating biocompatible calcium phosphate powders (CPPs) using horse bones, and to investigate the characteristics of them. Methods: The characteristics of horse bone powders (HBPs) were investigated according to the different osseous tissue types (compact bone and cancellous bone), bone types (spine and tibia), pretreatment methods (cold water, $H_2O_2$, and hot water), sintering time (4, 8 and 12h), and sintering temperature (600, 900, 1100 and $1300^{\circ}C$). In addition, the grinding methods were compared based on the wet grinding (ball mill) and dry grinding (blade grinder) method to make it as powders. Finally, their cytotoxicity and cell viability were checked. Results: Regardless of the types of osseous tissues and bones, HBPs were well fabricated as biocompatible CPPs. It was also found that the pretreatment methods did not influence on the resultants, showing well-fabricated HBPs. Considering the processing time, the hot water method was the most suitable compared to other pretreatment methods. Further, 12h-sintering time was sufficient to remove residual organic compounds. The sintering temperatures greatly affected the properties of bone powders fabricated. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak of horse bone sintered at $600^{\circ}C$ was most closed to that of hydroxyapatite (HA). Our bioactivity study demonstrated that the HBPs fabricated by sintering horse bones at $1300^{\circ}C$ showed the best performance in terms of cell viability whereas the HBPs $1100^{\circ}C$ showed the cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Using various types of horse bone tissues, biocompatible CPPs were successfully developed. We conclude that the HBPs may have a great potential as biomaterials for various biological applications including bone tissue engineering.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1996

Floating zone법으로 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정올 육성하는데 있어서 원료분말 합성과 원료봉 소결 과정의 최척의 조건을 설험적으로 조사하였다. 원료분말 합성사 낮은 고상반응 온도(700, $800^{\circ}C$)에서는 미량의 $Li_2CO_3$와 $Nb_2O_5$가 미반응상태로 남아있고, 고상반응 온도가 높을 때 ($1000^{\circ}C$)에는 입자성장이 일어나 후속공정인 원료봉 소결에 악영향을 미침이 확인되었다. $950^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 고상반응시킨 원료분말이 $LiNbO_3$의 결정상을 가지면서 미세한 결정립 크기와 균일한 크기분포를 보여 $950^{\circ}C$, 12시간이 최적의 원료분말 합성조건이었다. 원료봉 소결시 소 결온도가 높아질수록, 또 소결시간이 늘어날수록 치밀도가 증가하고 업자성장 양상이 급격히 증가함을 알 수 었었다. $1100^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 소결한 원료봉이 치밀하고, 작은 결정립 크기 와 균얼한 크기분포를 나타내어 floating zone법에 의한 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정성장에 가장 적합한 최적 의 소결 조건은 $1100^{\circ}C$, 2시간엄이 확인되었다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 1995년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.191-194
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• 1995

The business of manufacturing is increasingly becomeing time-compresssing, precise and long-life oiented, owing to various needs form the consumers and harsh global competition. with the emergence of the layer laminate maunfacturing methods, it is possible to prototypes directly from 3D CAD and additive process, the production time and cost have shortened dramatically. However there are some problems like surface-step, dimensional deviation and warp. A newly developed powder casting is suitable for rapid-manufacturing metallic tools. Powder casting can serve as a promising repid tooling method because of high density charateristics and low dimensional shrinkage below 0.1% during sintering and infiltration. By this process, we have realized significant time savings bypassing the wait for prototype tooling and cost savings eliminating the expense of conventional prototype tooling process.