• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.273-282
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• 2008

The relationship between water deficit stress and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity was determined in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves under water stress condition imposed by with-holding water for 72 hrs. Relative water content determined in water deficit stressed lettuce leaves gradually reduced from 91.29% to 74.58%, and water content of medium drastically decreased 4.73% after quitting of irrigation. Hydrogen peroxide content in leaves subjected to water deficit stress rapidly increased, but soluble protein content rapidly decreased when those were compared to control plant. The relationship between relative water content and hydrogen peroxide content in stressed leaves positively correlated with $R^2$=0.8851, but soluble protein content reversely correlated with $R^2$=0.9826. Total chlorophyll content in stressed plant leaves was higher than that of control plant, and increased rapidly in early stage of treatment of both stressed and control plants. Carotenoid content was higher than that of control plant, and the ratio of carotenoid to total chlorophyll in stressed plant was higher as compared to control plant. As water deficit stress continued progressively, total ascorbate content in stressed plant leaves was a little higher than that of control plant. But dehydroascorbate (DHA) content within 6 hr of water deficit stress was higher than that of control plant, and then, content of control plant in 12 hr of stress treatment higher than that of stressed leaves. The activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase of cytosolic and chloroplastic tractions increased dramatically, and mRNA of MDHAR was highly detected by probing $^{32}P$-labeled single stranded MDHAR RNA of lettuce plant leaves subjected to water deficit stress. Relationship between MDHAR activity and relative water content and hydrogen peroxide highly correlated with $R^2$=0.9937 and 0.8645, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a new shot boundary detection method which is optimized for news video story parsing. This new news shot boundary detection method was designed to satisfy all the following requirements: 1) minimizing the incorrect data in data set for anchor shot detection by improving the recall ratio 2) detecting abrupt cuts and gradual transitions with one single algorithm so as to divide news video into shots with one scan of data set; 3) classifying shots into static or dynamic, therefore, reducing the search space for the subsequent stage of anchor shot detection. The proposed method, based on singular value decomposition with incremental clustering and mercer kernel, has additional desirable features. Applying singular value decomposition, the noise or trivial variations in the video sequence are removed. Therefore, the separability is improved. Mercer kernel improves the possibility of detection of shots which is not separable in input space by mapping data to high dimensional feature space. The experimental results illustrated the superiority of the proposed method with respect to recall criteria and search space reduction for anchor shot detection.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.366-373
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• 2009

Codex Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs) were based on the 1988 Helsinki report and a single set of NRVs was established for the general population over 3 years for the purpose of food labeling in 1993. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) with new concepts were developed in many countries recently. Hence there has been broad discussion regarding establishment of new NRVs using DRIs, which include estimated average requirement (EAR), recommended intake (RI or RDA), adequate intake (AI), and tolerable upper intake level (UL) in the world. This study was carried out to review various possible values for Codex NRVs such as population-weighted EAR, population-weighted RDA, and populationbased RDA. The values were simulated using DRIs and population distribution of Korea, USA, Japan, Philippines, Germany and England, and compared to the current Codex values and the highest RDA and the lowest UL among populations with different life-stage. Since population weighted/based values are necessary to be updated according to the population changes and are different across countries, inconsistency can be a serious barrier in international transactions. For some of nutrients such as vitamin A and zinc, values based on population-based RDA or the highest RDA were higher than the lowest UL. Therefore, careful considerations should be given before establishing Codex NRVs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2003

Objectives: The development of an useful method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from a biopsied blastomere would allow differentiation between embryos with balanced and normal chromosome complements in the preimplantation genetic diagnosis for chromosomal translocations. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of microtubule depolymerizing agents (MTDAs) on the blastomeres of mouse and human preimplantation embryos, and to establish an effective method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes of biopsied blastomeres in human early embryos. Materials and Methods: Early embryos (2-4 cell stage) from superovulated mice (ICR strain) were collected and treated with single or mixture MTDAs, such as vinblastine, nocodazole and colcemid. After the treatment of MTDAs for 16 hours, the metaphase aquisition (MA) rates were evaluated by the observation of chromosome status with bis-benzimide or DAPI staining. The optimal condition from the above experiment was applied to human embryos, which were developed from abnormal fertilization (3-pronuclei). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome probes was conducted on the human metaphase chromosomes by the MTDAs. Results: In mouse embryos, the effective concentrations of each MTDAs for obtaining metaphase chromosomes were $1.0{\mu}M$ of vinblastine (20.3%), $5.0{\mu}M$ of nocodazole (28.1%) and $1.0{\mu}M$ colcemid (55.6%), respectively. The highest MA rate (91.2%) in the mouse embryos was obtained by a mixture of vinblastine ($1.0{\mu}M$) and nocodazole ($1.0{\mu}M$). In the human embryos, the metaphase chromosomes of blastomeres were obtained in 44 of 113 blastomeres (38.9%) by treatment of the mixture of vinblastine and nocodazole. FISH signals of the metaphase chromosomes were successfully observed in human individual blastomeres. Conclusions: The treatment of a mixture MTDAs for obtaining metaphase chromosomes was an efficient method, and the MA rate was above 90% in the mouse embryos. However, only a relatively small proportions of the blastomeres yielded metaphase chromosomes by the MTDAs in the human embryos. The inconsistent effects of MTDAs may be related to the variation of different species and the poor developmental potency of abnormally fertilized human embryos. We should develop more reliable and efficient methods for obtaining the metaphase chromosomes in the biopsied blastomeres of human preimplantation embryos.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.114-123
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• 2018

Korea's Export Support Policy has shifted from conglomerate to SMEs since the 1998 IMF financial crisis. Therefore the SME export result in 2011 has reached the quantitative growth of more than US$ 100 billion for the first time. However, the trend has remained stagnant since 2013. Such a stagnant is judged to exist on the part of the Export Support Policies that fail to significantly enhance export competitiveness. Therefore, in order to expand the base of the export capabilities of SMEs and enhance the export competitiveness, the researcher has analyzed the problems of the Export Support Policy focused from the major prior studies since 2010 and derived the efficiency improvement methods. The results of this study are as follows: First, it is necessary to select or combine the following measures. they are the coordination or combination of the functions of the export support institutions, the operation of the single export support institutions, the utilization of the cooperative support system between the support institutions, the use of the private enterprises. First, it is necessary to review the following measures: they are the functional adjustment and integration among export support agencies, the adjustment of support organizations by export stage, the role coordinating between the Small and Medium Business Administration and the Local Government. Secondly, it is necessary to build a customized support system for enterprises. Thirdly, in order to secure the manpower and expertise of the support organization, it is necessary to review the utilization of the retired manpower the from the trade companies or the youth intern system. Fourthly, it is suggested that the balanced performance index is required for the export support programs with a certain scale and need to increase the portion the external evaluation together with the quantitative and qualitative evaluation.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.64-68
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• 2007

This paper describes the development of RF front.end equipment of a wide band high precision satellite navigation receiver to be able to receive the currently available GPS navigation signal and the GALILEO navigation signal to be developed in Europe in the near future. The wide band satellite navigation receiver with high precision performance is composed of L - band antenna, RF/IF converters for multi - band navigation signals, and high performance baseband processor. The L - band satellite navigation antenna is able to be received the signals in the range from 1.1 GHz to 1.6 GHz and from the navigation satellite positioned near the horizon. The navigation signal of GALILEO navigation satellite consists of L1, E5, and E6 band with signal bandwidth more than 20 MHz which is wider than GPS signal. Due to the wide band navigation signal, the IF frequency and signal processing speed should be increased. The RF/IF converter has been designed with the single stage downconversion structure, and the IF frequency of 140 MHz has been derived from considering the maximum signal bandwidth and the sampling frequency of 112 MHz to be used in ADC circuit. The final output of RF/IF converter is a digital IF signal which is generated from signal processing of the AD converter from the IF signal. The developed RF front - end has the C/N0 performance over 40dB - Hz for the - 130dBm input signal power and includes the automatic gain control circuits to provide the dynamic range over 40dB.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2015

To elucidate the origin and patterns of establishment of insular plants on Ulleungdo Island, maternally inherited chloroplast DNA, which is useful for tracing seed movements, was used. Fagus multinervis, an endemic species that dominated broadleaf deciduous forests on Ulleungdo Island, is an excellent model for such a study. To understand the diversity and spatial distribution of the chloroplast haplotypes of F. multinervis, nucleotide sequences of the psbA-trnH region were determined from 144 individuals sampled throughout the island. Results of a phylogenetic analysis of the region with close relatives of F. multinervis suggest that F. multinervis is sister to a clade of F. japonica and F. engleriana. No haplotype variation was found within F. multinervis. This remarkably low cpDNA haplotype diversity is in contrast to the findings of previous allozyme studies of F. multinervis populations that showed high genetic diversity on Ulleungdo Island. Repeated colonization during the early stage of establishment via birds that migrated from a source area where the F. multinervis cpDNA haplotype was geographically structured may have resulted in the observed pattern of haplotype diversity. Alternatively, long-distance dispersal of seeds of the progenitor of F. multinervis via birds or typhoons to Ulleungdo may have been a single event, whereas the immigration of pollen from the mainland likely occurred frequently. Comparative phylogeographic studies of other species endemic to Ulleungdo Island and their close relatives on the neighboring mainland are necessary for a more complete understanding of the evolution of the island's native species.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2014

The SWMM (storm water management model) has been widely used in the world and is a watershed runoff simulation model used for a single event or a continuous simulation of runoff quantity and quality. However, there are many uncertain parameters in the watershed runoff continuous simulation module and the water quality module, which make it difficult to use the SWMM. The purpose of the study is to develop an automatic calibration module of the SWMM not only for watershed runoff continuous simulation, but also water quality simulation. The automatic calibration module was developed by linking the SWMM with the SCE-UA (shuffled complex evolution-University of Arizona) that is a global optimization algorithm. Estimation parameters of the SWMM were selected and search ranges of them were reasonably configured. The module was validated by calibration and verification of the watershed runoff continuous simulation model and the water quality model for the Donghyang Stage Station Basin. The calibration results for watershed runoff continuous simulation model were excellent and those for water quality simulation model were generally satisfactory. The module could be used in various studies and designs for watershed runoff and water quality analyses.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.270-274
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• 1996

To estimate the suitable method of phosphorus application in puddled-soil drill seeding of rice, available phosphorus, appearance of algal water bloom, and rice yield were investigated in paddy soil of Honam area from 1994 to 1995. Available phosphorus content with different regions was the highest in the east-west inland region of Noryeong mountain range and the inland region of Honam area and it was the lowest in the Charyeong south plains region. Available phosphorus content was the highest in the alluvial plains. and it was the lowest in dilluvial terrace. Frations of phosphorus in Jeonbug series were high in the order of Ca-P, Fe-P, and Al-P, respectively. Algal water bloom occurred highly in 100% and 70% basal applications before seeding, and slightly in no-fertilizer and 100% application of 3-leaf stage in puddled-soil drill seeding of rice. Suitable amount of phosphorus application was 21kg/ha in the single cropping paddy field of Fluvio-marine plain, and rice yield was increased 6% at 50% basal application.