• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2001

Experiments were held in Egypt to test a new Package of practices for commercial cocoon production, including adding secondary macro and micronutrients to the mulberry garden, disease free rearing regime, low temperature rearing in young instars and natural mounting fur silkworms. This package for seed silkworm rearing lead to increase in fecundity by 67-121eggs (15.12-26.22%) and yield of standard boxes per 1 parent egg boxes by 57-58 egg boxes(48.33-51.66%) respectively in comparison th the traditional cocoon production technology.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Quality of seed in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) is determined by many important factors, wherein unfertilized eggs play an important role. Unfertilization of eggs are caused by several reasons such as, abnormality in the sexual organs of the male and female, abnormal development of the micropylar end of the egg, unfavorable environmental conditions during spinning, cocoon preservation, imperfect handling of moths, mating, ovipostion, cold storing of pupae / moths and indiscriminate use of male moths etc. Though the presence of unfertilized eggs would in no way affect the fertilized ones and their quality directly, the frequency of their occurrence underrates the quality and brings down the hatching percentage. Lower the occurrence of unfertilized eggs, higher is the rating of seed quality. Of the various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and events involved in egg deposition of an adult silk moth, mating is an instinct and a biological obligation for the ultimate perpetuation of the species and a must to provide stimulus for oogenesis and bring about biochemical changes in the spermatophore of the silkworm in order to ensure the presence of sufficient number of normal sperms and testicular fluid in the female reproductive organ, activating ovulation and accelerating oviposition behavior and egg deposition. An attempt has been made in this article to briefly elucidate the characteristics of unfertilized eggs, causes of their occurrence and its impact as well as the significance in silkworm seed production.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2004

The impact of low concentration fluoride on toxification was studied by treating $3^rd$ instar silkworm larvae of Qiufeng${\times}$Baiyu (Fluoride resistant strain) and Jinshong${\times}$Haoyue (Fluoride sensitive strain). The $5^th$ instar silkworm larvae of Zhenong-l, Shu-12, Qiufeng ${\times}$ Baiyu, Chunhua ${\times}$ Qhiushi, Jinshong and Haoyue were fed mulberry leaves treated with sodium fluoride at different concentrations to determine its effect on fecundity. Harmful effects of low concentration fluoride at early instars on growth, development and economic characters of Bombyx mori are related to its resistance. Harmful effect on resistant strain Qiufeng${\times}$Baiyu manifested on prolongation of instar duration of 15 and 6% in 70 ppm, where as the sensitive breed Jinshong${\times}$Haoyue manifested with 100% mortality in 50 ppm. The impact of low concentration fluoride on fecundity resulted in considerable increase in formed eggs (9%) and laid eggs (9%) in Zhenong-l and Shu-12 among treated population over control. The present observations emphasis that fluoride apart from exhibiting harmful effects on silkworm growth and development, however, its low concentration do playa vital role in inducing some positive effect on fecundity and cocoon traits.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2003

An attempt was made to identify superior bivoltine silkworm hybrid suitable for monsoon and spring season of Uttar Pradesh. Breeds with superior cocoon characters and their more popularity in an area were major parameters on basis of which breeds from different regions were selected. Six bivoltine hybrids of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) of different geographical regions were reared in monsoon (three hybrids) and spring season (three hybrids) during 2000-2002 i.e., for three years at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. Their performances were analyzed statistically for nine characters. The analysis made on a number of traits viz., hatching percentage, larval duration, pupation rate, yield /10000 larvae (by no.), yield /10000 larvae (by weight), cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell ratio, showed the superiority of one bivoltine hybrid out of the three bivoltine hybrids studied in each season. $SH6{\times}{NB_4}{D_2}$ was found to be superior in major cocoon parameters in both the seasons i.e., monsoon and spring season of Uttar Pradesh.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

The hot climatic conditions prevailing particularly in summer are not conducive to rear these high yielding bivoltine hybrids throughout the year, In order to select efficiently the breeds with high temperature tolerance, it is very important to analyze critically the impact of high temperature on many silk yielding attributes of silkworm races. Keeping the above in view, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of high temperature $(36 {\pm} 1^{\circ}C)$ and high humidity $(80 {\pm} 5% Relative Humidity)$ on the rearing performance of pure races, foundation crosses, single hybrids and double hybrids of bivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The robust bivoltine breeds, CSR18, CSR19, 8HT and 5HT, eight foundation crosses, eight single hybrids and eight double hybrids involving these breeds were chosen as materials in this study.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.99-102
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• 2003

A cDNA of novel immulectin homologue (BmIML), a C-type lectin, was cloned from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The immulectin cDNA is an open reading frame of 921 bp encoding 307 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence from the BmIML cDNA contains two C-type carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). The BmIML was most similar (61 % protein sequence identity) to the M. sexta immulectin-1, whereas BmIML showed relatively lower identity to the B. mori lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (25% protein sequence identity). These features of BmIML indicate that BmIML is a novel member of C-type lectin superfamily. Northern blot analysis revealed that the BmIML is specifically expressed in the fat body of B. moli larvae.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

The mode of transmission, effect on fecundity, hatching and tissues specificity of a microsporidian $(Lb_{ms})$ recovered from Lamerin breed of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. was studied and compared with standard strain Nosema bombycis. Peroral inoculation of $Lb_{ms}$ or N. bombycis to zeroday of $4^{th}$ instar larvae of silkworm was the most suitable method for producing information on development of stage specific mortality, pupation and obtaining infected adults for transovarial transmission studies. It was observed that pupal mortality, the percentage of moths emerged and the percentage of moths infected were significantly high in N. bombycis infected batches as compared $(Lb_{ms})$ in all the three tested breeds of the silkworm. However no significant difference was observed in larval mortality. The fecundity and hatchability was not affected significantly in $(Lb_{ms})$ infected adults, however significant reduction in egg production, fecundity, hatchability and increased egg retention was observed in mother moths infected with N. bombycis. The $(Lb_{ms})$ is transmitted both horizontally and vertically at lower rate due to its low rate of proliferation. The trans ovarial transmission of $(Lb_{ms})$ to the $F_1$ progeny generation through eggs averaged only $61.33\pm5.10\%$ whereas N. bombycis was transmitted at $100\%$. The $(Lb_{ms})$ had low oral infectivity and low transovarial transmission in silkworm B. mori.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.262-265
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• 2017

Bombyx mori (silkworm pupae) is a unique and biologically significant insect, which is a recognized source of high quality protein that provides all the essential amino acids required for human health. Recently, many studies have focused on various biomedical applications of B. mori proteins. The purpose of this study was to manufacture protein-fortified kefir containing different concentrations of B. mori powder according to pH and sensory evaluations. The value of the protein-fortified kefir increased but the pH decreased with increasing incubation time, indicating that the amount of B. mori powder did not affect and pH. Addition of B. mori powder also did not affect the sensory properties of overall acceptability, texture, and color compared to control group without addition of B. mori powder. However, flavor and taste were affected by increasing the amounts of B. mori powder, with a significant difference in both flavor and taste between the control and treated groups (both p<0.05). There was no significant difference in overall acceptability, texture, and color. Further studies are needed for producing kefir as a dietary supplement utilizing the functional properties of B. mori.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2003

A cDNA encoding a putative alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) class III was cloned from the silkworm, Bombyx mono The full length cDNA is 1,385 nucleotides long and contains an open reading frame of 1,128 bp encoding 376 amino acid residues. The B. mon ADH III protein sequence was aligned with ADH III known from various organisms. Interestingly, the protein sequence of B. mon ADH III showed 87% and 85% identity to ADH III from marine fish Sparus aurata and Branchiostoma floridae, respectively, whereas rather low sequence identity (83%) to Drosophila melanogaster ADH III was observed. Northern blot analysis revealed that B. mon ADH III mRNA is expressed in all tissues from larva examined: fat body, midgut, epidermis, silk gland and ovary, with the highest level found in the fat body.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.28-30
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• 2000

Red muscardine (P. fumosoroseus), first observed on silkworm in Korea, was examined on its cultural characters, infection process, and symptoms. The fungus on PDA medium was grown to 44 mm in diameter in 14 days. Conidiaphore ws 1.45$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter, producing 4 to 6 phialides (5.9$\mu\textrm{m}$${\times}$1.8$\mu\textrm{m}$) in cluster. Elliptic conidia wre hyaline and 2.9${\times}$1.3$\mu\textrm{m}$ in size. Diseased silkworm showed typical symptoms of muscardine while becoming stiff. On 3 to 4 days after inoculation of P. fumosoroseus conidia upon the surface of silkworm, it was observed that the silkworm moved and ate less in rearing bed, and amorpnous dark spots of 1∼2 mm appeared on the surface o thorax, abdomen, spirace, and etc. Corrected mortality reached up to 97% at 9th day after inoculation.