• Biomedical Engineering Letters
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2018

When focusing using an ultrasonic transducer array, a main lobe is formed in the focal region of an ultrasound field, but side lobes also arise around the focal region due to the leakage. Since the side lobes cannot be completely eliminated in the focusing process, they are responsible for subsequent ultrasound image quality degradation. To improve ultrasound image quality, a signal processing strategy to reduce side lobes is definitely in demand. To this end, quantitative determination of main and side lobes is necessary. We propose a theoretically and actually error-free method of exactly discriminating and separately computing the main lobe and side lobe parts in ultrasound image by computer simulation. We refer to images constructed using the main and side lobe signals as the main and side lobe images, respectively. Since the main and side lobe images exactly represent their main and side lobe components, respectively, they can be used to evaluate ultrasound image quality. Defining the average brightness of the main and side lobe images, the conventional to side lobe image ratio, and the main to side lobe image ratio as image quality metrics, we can evaluate image characteristics in speckle images. The proposed method is also applied in assessing the performance of side lobe suppression filtering. We show that the proposed method may greatly aid in the evaluation of medical ultrasonic images using computer simulations, albeit lacking the use of actual experimental data.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.203-213
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• 2023

의료용 초음파 영상 시스템에서, 영상점의 밖에서 오는 신호가 초음파 수신 집속 과정에서 완전히 제거되지 않으면 부엽을 발생시킨다. 부엽의 시간 신호가 영상점에서 오는 시간 신호(주엽)와 같이 중첩되어 나타나면 시간 영역에서 필터 처리를 이용하여 완전히 제거하기 어렵다. 그러나 수신 집속 과정에서 시간 -채널 신호를 푸리에 변환하면, 주엽과 부엽의 신호는 주파수 스펙트럼 영역에서 공간적으로 분리가 된다. 따라서 스펙트럼 영역에서 계산한 주엽과 부엽의 신호크기를 이용하여 크기 가중치를 계산하여 영상에 곱함으로써 부엽을 억제하였다. 그리고 주엽과 부엽의 스펙트럼이 인접할 때, 주엽과 부엽 스펙트럼 사이의 거리에 따라 거리 가중치를 적용하였다. 64 채널 선형 트랜스듀서를 사용하는 5 MHz의 초음파 영상 시스템에서 점확산 영상과 다른 밝기의 낭종을 가지는 스페클 영상을 합성하고 가중치를 적용하여 초음파 영상을 계산하였다. 점반사체 영상에서 해상도의 변화 없이 부엽이 크게 줄어들었으며 낭종 영상에서 대조도가 크게 개선됨을 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션으로 확인하였다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.784-786
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• 2004

Overlap errors and side-lobes can be simultaneously solved by the rule-based correction using scattering bars with the rules extracted from test patterns. Process parameters affecting the attPSM lithography simulation have been determined by the fitting method to the process data. Overlap errors have been solved applying the correction rules to the metal patterns overlapped with contact/via. Moreover, the optimal insertion rule of the scattering bars has made it possible to suppress the side-lobes and to get additional pattern fidelity at the same time.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.453-459
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• 1988

A new interpolation function, named modified raised-cosine interpolation, is proposed. This function is derived from the linear combination of weighted triangular and raised-cosine functions to reduce the effect of side lobes which incur the interpolation error. Interpolation error reduces significantly for higher-order convolutional interpolation functions of linear operators, but at the expense of resolution error due to the attenuation of main lobe. However, the proposed interpolation function enables us to reduce the side lobes as well as to preserve the main lobe. To prove practicality, this function is applied in image reconstruction and enlargement.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -1
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• pp.9-11
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• 2002

We improve the free-space optical interconnection efficiency by using circular aperture computer-generated hologram (CGH). In free-space optical interconnection system using CGH, the single CGH is composed of sub-CGHs, which can change the direction of input beams to desired output positions, by Fourier transform. Each sub-CGH is rectangular shape, so the input beams through each sub-CGH are transformed to sinc functions in output plane. The side lobes of each sinc function are superimposed in output plane and they result in detection error in output plane, so the detection efficiency is low. We use the circular shaped sub-CGHs in order to reduce the side lobe value in output plane instead of rectangular shaped sub-CGHs. The each input beam is transformed to first-order Bessel functions through circular shaped sub-CGHs in output plane. The side lobes of first-order Bessel functions us low values compared with side lobes of sinc function, so we can improve the detection efficiency in output plane. We use binary phase modulated CGH, and confirm this improvement results by simulation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1969

Electoromyographic studies were performed on the action of the muscles of the temporomandibular joints following exfoliation of the deciduous teeth. The subjects examined, being 50 children. between the age of 6 and 13 years, divided into 5 groups. They were; 1) Deciduous dentition were complete in the first group. 2) Deciduous incisors were missing in either upper or lower jaw in the second group. 3) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the left side of either upper or lower jaw in the third group. 4) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the right side of either upper or lower jaw in the fourth group. 5) Permanent dentition completed in the fifth group(except third molars). Electromyogram was recorded with 4 channel polygraph (Grass model VII modified for 7P3). Electrodes which were the cup-typed gold discs, 9 millimeters in the diameter, were located on the anterior, middle and posterior lobes of the temporal muscles, and also on the superficial and deep layers of the masseter muscles. Paired electrodes were held by electrode cream so that they were pressed on the skin surface at right angle, adhesive tape being used to anchor them. The distance of the pair electrodes was about 5 millimeters. The results obtained were as follow: 1) In rest position of mandible; All groups showed slight, electrical activities in the muscles involved, but in the middle lobe of temporal muscle they were slightly higher. 2) In molar occlusion of mandible; High activity-anterior lobe of temporal muscle and superficial layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-middle and posterior lobes of masseter muscle. There were no differences among the first, the second and the fifth groups. In the third group the muscle activity was weaker than that of the right, and in the fourth group opposite characteristics was revealed. 3) In incisal bite of mandreble; Hight activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Modertae activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. The first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups showed no differences but the second group showed less activity than those of others. 4) In protrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences in the activities, but the second group showed less activity than the others. 5) In retrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences but the second group showed less activity than the others. 6) In lateral excursion of the mandible (either direction); High activity-posterior lobe of temporal muscle. Moderate activity-anterior and middle lobes of temporal muscle. Low activity-superficial and deep layers of masseter muscle. The muscle action potentials were weaker than those of the right side in the third group and vice ver'sa in the fourth group. 7) In chewing movement; Temporal muscle activities were higher than those of masseter, especially in the middle lobe of temporal muscle the activity was highest. Right side muscle activities were higher than those of the left in the third group and, on the contrary, the left side was dominant over the right in the fourth group.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2004

Problems of overlap errors and side-lobe printing by the design rule reduction in the lithography process using attenuated phase-shifting masks(attPSM) have been serious. Overlap errors and side-lobes can be simultaneously solved by the rule-based correction using scattering bars with the rules extracted from test patterns. Process parameters affecting the attPSM lithography simulation have been determined by the fitting method to the process data. Overlap errors have been solved applying the correction rules to the metal patterns overlapped with contact/via. Moreover, the optimal insertion rule of the scattering bars has made it possible to suppress the side-lobes and to get additional pattern fidelity at the same time.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.506-509
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• 1997

수직결합 구조의 방향성결합기 파장여과기에 진행방향으로 광결합력의 변화를 도입으로서 부엽이 감소하고 동시에 통과대역폭이 감소하는 새로운 구조의 파장여과기를 제안하였다. 광결합 구조로서는 결합정도가 반정현 모양인 분포결합과 최소의 결합을 일정하게 유지하는 느린결합을 연계하여 사용하였다. 모의실험 결과 중심파장 1.5507$\mu\textrm{m}$에서 3 dB 통과대역폭은 약 1.5 nm이고 부엽 억제비는 20 dB이상으로서 기존의 일정한 결합구조의 파장여과기에 비해 2배 이상 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 파장역다중을 위해 두 개의 파장여과기를 단일집적한 2채널 역다중기를 제안하고 동작특성을 모의실험하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.22-26
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• 2003

Attenuated PSM lithography 공정에서 overlay margin 확보 및 side-lobe 제거를 위해 기존의 Cr shield 방식의 단점인 복잡한 mask 제작공정과 구조를 단순화하기 위한 방법으로 scattering bar 방식을 제안하였다. Scattering bar는 Cr 보조패턴처럼 완전히 빛을 차단하는 것이 아니라 약간의 빛을 투과시켜 보강된 intensity를 상쇄하므로 side-lobe를 억제하는 방법으로 metal pattern을 생성할 때 scattering bar도 동시에 만들어 mask제작에 필요한 공정횟수를 줄이고 mask구조 역시 단순하게 한다 그리고 동시에 DOF(depth of focus)를 향상시킨다. Background clear pattern의 경우에 발생하는 side-lobe도 scattering bar를 이용하여 효율적으로 제거되었다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.476-482
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• 2010

전체 192개의 압전소자 중 64개를 동시 구동하여 빔을 형성하는 중심주파수 3.5 MHz인 선형배열 의료용 초음파프로브를 대상으로 일부의 압전소자가 결함으로 인해 동작하지 않을 때의 과도음장 및 점 표적에 대한 초음파 B-모드 영상을 시뮬레이션하여 정상 초음파프로브의 것과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 결함소자의 수가 한 개에서 네 개로 증가함에 따라 주엽이 만드는 음장의 최대음압준위 및 그 -3 dB 폭은 정상일 때에 비해 선형적으로 감소하나, 초점심도는 거의 변화가 없고, 부엽에 의한 음장의 음압준위 상승으로 인해 주엽과 부엽과의 음압 차이는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이와 같은 음압준위의 변화는 점 표적에 대한 B-모드 영상에 영향을 주어 표적의 좌우에 허상을 만들며, 축 방향의 공간분해능은 거의 일정하나 측 방향으로는 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.