• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.616-620
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome (MRK) is second common cause of primary amenorrhea. It is a syndrome of vaginal aplasia and Mullerian duct anomaly. Vaginal aplasia varies from agenesis of whole vagina to aplasia of upper 2/3. For reconstructing vagina, various methods are introduced. Gracilis myocutaneous flap was the first attempt in that the flap is used in vaginal reconstruction. Various flap-based vaginal reconstruction methods have been introduced. Modified Singapore flap (pedicled neurovascular pudendal thigh fasciocutaneous flap) is one of those methods that used posterior labial artery as pedicle, and pudendal nerve branch as sensory root. As its donor lies on inguinal crease that is easily hidden and there are benefits on sexual intercourse by early sensory recovery, authors think that modified Singapore flap is effective for young MRK syndrome patients. Methods: Eight patients underwent surgery between 2008 and 2010. The flap was designed on both groin area with external pudendal artery branch as a pedicle. All flaps were fixated in pelvic cavity with absorbable suture, and additional compression on neovaginal wall was supplied by polyvinyl alcohol sponge ($Merocel^{(R)}$). Results: All patients were successfully reconstructed without flap related complications such as congestion or partial flap loss. The average size of the flap (each side) was 69.34 $cm^2$. Polyvinyl alcohol sponge ($Merocel^{(R)}$) was inserted into neovagina for 5 days on every patient. One case of rectal laceration was occurred while making pelvic pocket by OBGY team. Other complications such as lumen narrowing, wound contracture or vaginal prolapsed were not reported during 8 months of follow up. Conclusion: Modified Singapore flap is a sensate fasciocutaneous flap that is thinner than other myocutaneous flap such as VRAM, and more durable over skin graft. Therefore this is a good choice for vaginal reconstruction in MRK syndrome. And known complications of Modified Singapore flap could be reduced with careful procedure and mild compression techniques.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.307-320
• /
• 1998

Tunnel lining is the final support of a tunnel and reflects the results of the interaction between ground and support system. Recently it is very difficult to support and manage the tunnel because the cracks on tunnel lining cause many problems in supporting and managing tunnels. Therefore the analysis of the cracks is quite strongly required. In this study, mechanical behaviour of a tunnel lining was examined by model tests and by numerical analyses. Especially the model test was examined for double linings including shotcrete and concrete lining. The model tests were carried out under various conditions taking different loading shapes, horizontal stresses, thicknesses of linings and double lining, vault opening behind the concrete lining and rock-like medium surrounding the lining. Due to horizontal stress, compressive stress prevailed on the lining. Thus the bearing capacity of the lining increased. The existence of a vault opening behind the concrete lining reduced the bearing capacity by the similar amount of reduction of concrete lining thickness. Rock-like medium cast around the side wall of the lining restrained the deflection of the lining, and the bearing capacity for cracking and failure increased vary much. In numerical analyses a algorithm which can analysis the double lining by introduction of interface element was developed. And the results of the numerical analyses were compared with the results of the model tests.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.394-405
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we applied coupled non-isothermal, multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical numerical modeling using TOUGH-FLAC coupled analysis to study the complex thermodynamic and geomechanical performance of underground lined rock caverns (LRC) for compressed air energy storage (CAES). Mechanical stress in concrete linings as well as pressure and temperature within a storage cavern were examined during initial and long-term operation of the storage cavern for CAES. Our geomechanical analysis showed that effective stresses could decrease due to air penetration pressure, and tangential tensile stress could develop in the linings as a result of the air pressure exerted on the inner surface of the lining, which would result in tensile fracturing. According to the simulation in which the tensile tangential stresses resulted in radial cracks, increment of linings' permeability and air leakage though the linings, tensile fracturing occurred at the top and at the side wall of the cavern, and the permeability could increase to $5.0{\times}10^{-13}m^2$ from initially prescribed $10{\times}10^{-20}m^2$. However, this air leakage was minor (about 0.02% of the daily air injection rate) and did not significantly impact the overall storage pressure that was kept constant thanks to sufficiently air tight surrounding rocks, which supports the validity of the concrete-lined underground caverns for CAES.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.57 no.6
• /
• pp.657-664
• /
• 2019

We identified the echinostome metacercariae in Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR with morphologies of adult worms recovered. Total 20 snails were examined with artificial digestion method and then the collected metacercariae were orally infected to a mouse and a rat. Adult worms recovered from experimental animals were observed with a light microscope and a SEM. The metacercariae were round, 125×123 ㎛ in average size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes (3-week-old in a rat) were elongated, ventrally curved and 5.310×1.023 mm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, prepharynx very short, pharynx well developed, and esophagus relatively short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary round and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom and elongated. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 90×57 ㎛ in average size. In the SEM observation, the head crown prominent, with 43 collar spines resembled with horns of younger stag. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the surface between the head collar and ventral sucker, and their densities were decreased posteriorly. Conclusively, the metacercariae detected in C. chinensis malleata from Lao PDR were identified as those of Echinostoma macrorchis based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2007

Management of odors is essential to swine industry in the Republic of Korea. This study was conducted to evaluate the odor removal efficiency of biofilter ducting systems. Rice straw and auto clave concrete(ALC) were used as filter medium. The ventilation fans(5 units, diameter: 500 mm) at the side wall of a growing pig housing were connected to a biofilter using a duct. The size of a biofilter is $2.5{\times}2{\times}1.2(W{\times}L{\times}H)$. The air velocities at the 300 mm above rice straw and ALC were 0.77 and 0.56 m/s, respectively. Ammonia concentration at the outlet of rice straw and ALC media were 2 and 3 ppm, respectively. Dust concentrations were also measured. The dust concentrations of rice straw and ALC were 93, $32\;mg/m^3$, respectively. There was no significant difference between filter mediums in terms of carbon dioxide concentrations(rice straw: 320, ALC: 270 mg/l). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was stable over the experimentation. The actual concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were 4, 3 and 3 ppm at the days of 7, 21 and 36, respectively. These results suggest that biofilter ducting systems may remove odors from pig house effectively.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.52 no.spc2
• /
• pp.801-810
• /
• 2019

This study analyzes the impact on geomorphic changes downstream due to alternate bars developed weir upstream through laboratory experiments. The disturbance, such as a spur in the side wall, of the flow at the inlet of the channel triggers the development of alternate bar upstream at the beginning of the experiment, and gradually moved downstream with keeping their shapes over time. The bed in the downstream of weir in the mid of channel scoured due to the scarcity of sediment inflow because weir upstream traps it. Moreover, bar migration speed decreases as the bars approaches to the weir with time. However, as time increases, the alternate bars upstream migrate over the weir, and sediment in the eroded bed of the weir downstream are deposited. The phase of the bar upstream changes oppositely after passing through the weir. The phase of the bar downstream changes rapidly as the shape of alternate bar is clear upstream, which is affected by the strong disturbance. The phase of bar changes, and the bar migration speed decreases gradually with time, and finally stopped due to forcing effects on the bar by the disturbance. The faster the reaction of alternate bar with a long spur, the larger the bar height formed downstream and the shorter the bar length. This means that the larger the forcing effect of bar, the more it affects the bar migration. In addition, although the size of the alternate bar increases over time, the bar doesn't migrate downstream and a forced bar is generated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 2019

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) method is widely used among various methods for reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion devices of coal power plant. In the present study, the computational fluid dynamic analysis was accomplished to derive the optimal shape of ammonia-dilution air mixing device in a ammonia injection grid. The distribution characteristics of flow and $NH_3$ concentration had been elucidated for the reference shape of ammonia mixing device(Case 1). In the mixing device of Case 1, it could be seen that $NH_3$ distribution was shifted to the wall opposite to the inlet of the ammonia injection pipe. For the improvement of $NH_3$ distribution, the case(Case 2) with closing one upper injection hole and 4 side injection holes, the case(Case 3) with installing horizontal plate at the upper of ammonia injection pipe, the case(Case 4) with installing horizontal plate and horizontal arc plate at he upper of ammonia injection pipe were investigated by analyzing flow and $NH_3$ concentration distributions. From the present study, it was found that the % RMS of $NH_3$ for Case 4 was 4.92%, which was the smallest value among four cases, and the range of $R_{NH3}$ also has the optimally uniform distribution, -10.82~8.34%.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.91-106
• /
• 2019

The Donghachong tomb from Royal Tombs at Neungsanri is composed of 15 sides including the floor, and the most highly proportion of rock, two-mica granite, are used on the 7 sides (46.6%). Also, augen gneiss consist with another 3 sides (20.0%), and each of the remaining 3 sides (6.7%) are made up of granodiorite, gneissous granite and leucocratic granite, all of which were used to comprise the tabural stone. Meanwhile, the two floors of the burial chamber and the front chamber, are made up of brick-shaped amphibole schist (13.3%). These rocks are occurred in the Buyeo area and their provenance sites are located at the side of Guemgang river. The Memorial Stone for Liu Renyuen in Tang China is a typical augen gneiss showing distinct schistosity and augen texture. This rock has the same petrographic characteristics with the rocks used to build the Donghachong tomb, Sanjikri dolmens and Setapri pagoda in Buyeo. This augen gneiss is distributed from the Jeungsanri in Buyeo to Dukjiri in Gongju as a large scaled rock body, and where currently are the quarries to produce stone aggregates, garden and landscape rocks. Thus, it is highly probable that the site around Buyeo was the source area of augen gneisses since the Bronze Age. However, while augen gneiss is easier to form into shapes it should have disadvantages when it comes to painting on the tomb wall because of their petrographic characteristics of low strength and dark color. Therefore, it is very intriguing to investigate which transportation method the people of Baekje chose with consideration of the distance and terrain, efficiency and convenience.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.26-34
• /
• 2018

This research is a pre-research to find out profit module of 20 students in a classroom. I researched the widths of passages in the 30 classrooms of 5 elementary schools in Nothern Kyeonggi-do. I found the conclusions as follows. 1st, the area of 1 student's unit is $650(W){\times}950(D)$ 2nd, most of classrooms' students table placements are one-way types(77%). U-types are 13%. group study-types are 7% 3rd, The width between blackboard and front student's table is 2.08m. The width of passage between back seat and backboard is 1.12m. The width of passage between side wall and near student's table is 0.89m. The width of passage between window and near student's table is 0.74m. The width of vertical passage(A) between student's tables is 0.68m. The width of vertical passage(B) between student's tables is 0.7m. 4th, The area of teachers' is $2.1m{\sim}2.25m{\times}2.1m=4.41{\sim}4.73m^2$

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2019

Frost heave is one of the representative engineering characteristics in cold regions. In South Korea, which is located in seasonal frost area, structural damage caused by frost heave and thaw happens and the need for research on the frost heave is increasing. In this paper, newly developed transparent temperature-controllable cell is used to focus on the frost heave. Frost susceptible artificial soil is used to analyze water intake rate which is one of the important factors in frost susceptibility criteria. Frost heave rate and water intake rate have similar behavior after heave by freezing of pore water converges. O-ring installed in the upper pedestal to measure water intake rate generates side friction between the inner wall of the freezing cell and O-ring, thereby hindering frost heave. Therefore, the frost susceptibility criteria using the water intake rate is not reliable. It is appropriate to use frost heave rate which has similar behavior with water intake rate. Frost heave tests were performed under two different specimen heights. Overburden pressure, temperature gradient and dry unit weight were set under similar state. Based on laboratory testing results, frost heave is independent on the specimen height.