• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

지열은 고효율 신재생에너지로 각광을 받고 있으며 건축물의 냉난방 설비 시스템으로 활용이 점차 확산되고 있다. 지열 히트펌프 중에서 지하수를 열원으로 사용하는 단일심정(Standing column well)은 특히 효율이 높고 초기설치비용이 저렴하며 국내 지반 수리조건에 적합하다. 반면, 국내에는 아직 SCW의 성능을 평가할 수 있는 수치해석 모델이 없으며 국내 자료를 적용한 수치해석이 수행된 바 없다. 본 연구에서는 SCW 수치해석 모델을 유한체적해석 프로그램을 이용하여 구축하였다. 수치적 모델은 수리 열 연계해석을 수행하여 열이류, 대류, 전도를 모두 모사한다. SCW 모델은 미국과 국내에서 계측된 현장 데이터를 통하여 검증하였다. 비교 결과 본 연구에서 구축된 수치해석 모델은 정확하게 SCW의 거동을 예측할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 검증된 수치해석 모델은 동반논문에서 매개변수연구에 활용되었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1981

단일집진법(單一集塵法)을 써서 공기부유진중(空氣浮游塵中)에 존재(存在)하는 라돈 붕괴생성물(崩壞生成物), 즉, RaA, RaB 및 RaC 의 방사능(放射能)(또는 농도(濃度))을 측정(測定)하였다. 이것은 단일집진장치(單一集塵裝置)를 이용하여 평균공격(平均孔隔)(mean pore size)이 $0.8{\mu}m$인 membrane 노지(瀘紙)에 채취(採取)한 시료(試料)의 전(全) 알파방사능(放射能)을 시차별(時差別)로 측정(測定)한 후 그 결과(結果)로부터 라돈 붕괴생성물(崩壞生成物)의 농도(濃度)를 Ci 또는 WL(working level) 단위(單位)로 산출(算出)하는 방법(方法)이다. 여기서는 농도외(濃度外)에도 농도치(濃度値)의 표준편차(標準偏差) 및 라돈 붕괴생성물(崩壞生成物)의 방사평형상태(放射平衡狀態)를 나타내는 방사평형인자(放射平衡因子)와 방사평형비(放射平衡比)를 구(求)하였다. Ci 및 WL단위(單位)로 주어진 라돈 붕괴생성물(崩壞生成物)의 농도(濃度)는 실험기간중(實驗期間中) 각각 $0.30{\sim}2.36pCi/l$ 및 $0.89{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.57{\times}10^{-3}WL$로서 시간적(時間的) 요동이 심하였는데 대개 하루중(中) 오전(午前)에 높고 오후(午後)에 낮은 현상을 보여 주었다. RaA, RaB 및 RaC의 농도산출(濃度算出)에 따른 표준편차(標準偏差)는 각각 ${\pm}57.75%,\;{\pm}22.32%$ 및 ${\pm}31.29%$였으며 방사평형인자(放射平衡因子)는 평균(平均) 0.322였다. 그리고 RaA를 모핵종(母核種)으로 가정(假定)했을 때 각핵종간(各核種間)의 방사평형비(放射平衡比)는 대개 $C_1>C_2>C_3$인 것으로 나타났다. 여기서 $C_1,\;C_2$ 및 $C_3$는 각각 RaA, RaB 및 RaC의 농도(濃度)를 나타낸다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.195-199
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• 2003

계면활성제(SF316+FB0800)가 처리된 폴리에틸렌 필름 시설에서 직경 9cm 원안의 필름 표면에 부착된 수적량은 무처리구에서 1.21 mL, 1% 처리구에서 0.15mL, 2% 처리구에서 0.07 mL가 측정되었다. 그러나 육안으로는 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에 차이를 관찰하기가 어려웠다. 수적량은 하루 중 오전 10시에 가장 많았고, 기온의 상승된 오후 2시에 적었다. 무처리구에 비하여 계면활성제 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에 차이를 관찰하기가 어려웠다. 수적량은 하루 중 오전 10시에 가장 많았고, 기온이 상승된 오후 2시에 적었다. 무처리구에 비하여 계면활성제 1%와 2% 처리구에서 투광율은 각각 9.3%, 12.9% 높았다. 기온과 습도는 계면활성제가 처리된 비닐하우스와 머처리 비닐하우스 사이에 뚜렸한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 오전의 기온은 계면활성제 처리 비닐하우스에서 1~2$^{\circ}C$ 정도 높았으며, 지온의 경우는 계면활성제 처리시설에서 3~4$^{\circ}C$ 정도 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 겨울철 상추의 생육은 계면활성제가 처리된 필름으로 피복된 비닐하우스에서 빨랐다. 그러나 계면활성제농도 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에는 뚜렸한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.119-125
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• 1990

전기광학 소자인 비스무스 실리콘 옥사이드($Bi_{12}SiO_{20}$ : 이하 BSO라 칭함)와 편광자(polarizer), 1/4파장판(1/4 waveplate), 검광자(analyzer)와 결합하여 광변조기를 만들었고 이를 전압세선로 이용할 수 있도록 전기광학 측정 시스템을 구성하고 그 특성을 실험하였다. 송수신부인 E/O 변환기 및 O/E 변환기는 LED와 PIN-PD로 구성하여 구동되며 전송로는 코아/클래드경이 $100/140{\mu}m$인 멀티모드 광파이버를 사용하였다. 센서부와 광파이버 사이에는 셀폭 마이크로렌즈로서 결합하였다. 실험에 앞서 맥스웰 방정식과 파동방정식을 이용하여 BSO 단결성 내부에서 일어나는 광파의 전파특성에 관한 행렬식을 구하였고 센서가 갖는 광강도 변조식을 유도하였다. 실험 결과로부터 제작된 BSO 전압 센서는 교류전압 50V~800V(60Hz)에서 ${\pm}2.5{\%}$ 측정오파를 보였다. 인가전압의 증가에 따라 출력의 포화값이 커지는데 이러한 현상은 광강도 변조식에서 센서의 선광성에 기인한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 센서의 온도특성 실험결과 $-20^{\circ}C~60^{\circ}C$에서 변화율은 ${\pm}0.6{\%}$ 이하로 측정되었다. 주파수 특성실험 결과 DC~100KHz까지 양호한 특성을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.3-4
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• 2000

Many researchers are interested in the synthesis and characterization of carbon nitride and diamond-like carbon (DLq because they show excellent mechanical properties such as low friction and high wear resistance and excellent electrical properties such as controllable electical resistivity and good field electron emission. We have deposited amorphous carbon nitride (a-C:N) thin films and DLC thin films by shielded arc ion plating (SAIP) and evaluated the structural and tribological properties. The application of appropriate negative bias on substrates is effective to increase the film hardness and wear resistance. This paper reports on the deposition and tribological OLC films in relation to the substrate bias voltage (Vs). films are compared with those of the OLC films. A high purity sintered graphite target was mounted on a cathode as a carbon source. Nitrogen or argon was introduced into a deposition chamber through each mass flow controller. After the initiation of an arc plasma at 60 A and 1 Pa, the target surface was heated and evaporated by the plasma. Carbon atoms and clusters evaporated from the target were ionized partially and reacted with activated nitrogen species, and a carbon nitride film was deposited onto a Si (100) substrate when we used nitrogen as a reactant gas. The surface of the growing film also reacted with activated nitrogen species. Carbon macropartic1es (0.1 -100 maicro-m) evaporated from the target at the same time were not ionized and did not react fully with nitrogen species. These macroparticles interfered with the formation of the carbon nitride film. Therefore we set a shielding plate made of stainless steel between the target and the substrate to trap the macropartic1es. This shielding method is very effective to prepare smooth a-CN films. We, therefore, call this method "shielded arc ion plating (SAIP)". For the deposition of DLC films we used argon instead of nitrogen. Films of about 150 nm in thickness were deposited onto Si substrates. Their structures, chemical compositions and chemical bonding states were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Hardness of the films was measured with a nanointender interfaced with an atomic force microscope (AFM). A Berkovich-type diamond tip whose radius was less than 100 nm was used for the measurement. A force-displacement curve of each film was measured at a peak load force of 250 maicro-N. Load, hold and unload times for each indentation were 2.5, 0 and 2.5 s, respectively. Hardness of each film was determined from five force-displacement curves. Wear resistance of the films was analyzed as follows. First, each film surface was scanned with the diamond tip at a constant load force of 20 maicro-N. The tip scanning was repeated 30 times in a 1 urn-square region with 512 lines at a scanning rate of 2 um/ s. After this tip-scanning, the film surface was observed in the AFM mode at a constant force of 5 maicro-N with the same Berkovich-type tip. The hardness of a-CN films was less dependent on Vs. The hardness of the film deposited at Vs=O V in a nitrogen plasma was about 10 GPa and almost similar to that of Si. It slightly increased to 12 - 15 GPa when a bias voltage of -100 - -500 V was applied to the substrate with showing its maximum at Vs=-300 V. The film deposited at Vs=O V was least wear resistant which was consistent with its lowest hardness. The biased films became more wear resistant. Particularly the film deposited at Vs=-300 V showed remarkable wear resistance. Its wear depth was too shallow to be measured with AFM. On the other hand, the DLC film, deposited at Vs=-l00 V in an argon plasma, whose hardness was 35 GPa was obviously worn under the same wear test conditions. The a-C:N films show higher wear resistance than DLC films and are useful for wear resistant coatings on various mechanical and electronic parts.nic parts.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.5-5
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• 2009

Thin-film-transistors (TFTs) that can be prepared at low temperatures have attracted much attention because of the great potential for transparent and flexible electronics. One of the mainstreams in this field is the use of organic semiconductors such as pentacene. But device performance of the organic TFTs is still limited due to low field-effect mobility and rapid degradation after exposing to air. Alternative approach is the use of amorphous oxide semiconductors as a channel. Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) based TFTs showed the fast technological development, because AOS films can be fabricated at room temperature and exhibit the possibility in application like flexible display, electronic paper, and larges solar cells. Among the various AOSs, a-IGZO has lots of advantages because it has high channel mobility, uniform surface roughness and good transparency. [1] The high mobility is attributed to the overlap of spherical s-orbital of the heavy post-transition metal cations. This study demonstrated the effect of the variation in channel thickness from 30nm to 200nm on the TFT device performance. When the thickness was increased, turn-on voltage and subthreshold swing was decreased. The a-IGZO channels and source/drain metals were deposited with shadow mask. The a-IGZO channel layer was deposited on $SiO_2$/p-Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering, where RF power is 150W. And working pressure is 3m Torr, at $O_2/Ar$ (2/28 sccm) atmosphere. The electrodes were formed with electron-beam evaporated Ti (30 nm) and Au (70 nm) bilayer. Finally, Al (150nm) as a gate metal was thermal-evaporated. TFT devices were heat-treated in a furnace at 250 $^{\circ}C$ and nitrogen atmosphere for 1hour. The electrical properties of the TFTs were measured using a probe-station. The TFT with channel thickness of 150nm exhibits a good subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.72 V/decade and on-off ratio of $1{\times}10^8$. The field effect mobility and threshold voltage were evaluated as 7.2 and 8 V, respectively.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2002

The main purpose of this research is to discuss the urban heat island which will be caused by urbanization, especially by the construction of new town on a wide green zone. Over the last ten years, five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area. However these new towns become bedroom communities and create traffic problems between Seoul and its surrounding areas because of an increase in population and a lack of roads and other infrastructures. The construction of another such new town is under consideration in the Pan-gyo area. But it is important that Pan-gyo remains a wide green zone. Many studies show that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological, ameliorative capability and air hygiene. The objective of this study is to analyze the urban heat islands of Bund-Dang Si which was constructed in 1996 and of the Pan-Gyo area planned as new town. To investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by change of the land use type and urbanization we used LANDSAT TM images for extraction of urban surface temperature according to change of land use over 15 years. These data were analyzed together with digital land use and topographic data. As a study result, we found that the thermal island of this area from 1985 to 1999 rapidly increased with a difference of mean temperature of more than 12'E. Before construction of Bun-Dang Si the temperature of this area was the same as the forest, but during the new town construction in 1991, an urban heat island developed. The temperature of forest with a size of over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, which leads us to conclude that the forest cools the urban and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial area is more than +4.5$^{\circ}C$ higher then forest, so this method of land use is the main factor increasing the urban heat island. Urban heat islands and green space play an important role in urban wind systems, i.e. Thermal Induced Air Exchange and Structural Wind Circulation, because of their special properties with regard to energy balance between constructed urban and land. The skill to allocate land use types in urban areas is a very important planning device to reduce air pollution and induce the fresh cold air from green space. An urban climatic experiment featuring a numerical wind simulation study to show the air corridor will be published in a following research paper.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.500-506
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• 1999

레이저 다이오드와 수신광검출기가 집적된 소자를 V-홈을 가진 실리콘 광학벤치에 flip-chip 본딩하고, 경사면을 가진 하나의 단일모드 광섬유와 수동정렬하는 방법을 사용하여 가입자망을 위한 저가의 양방향 송수신 모듈을 설계, 제작하였다. 광섬유의 단면 경사각에 따른 송신광결합 효율과 수신광결합 효율사이의 병목점을 찾기 위해 Gaussian빔 모델을 사용하여 수평정렬거리, 광섬유 단면 경사각, 수직정렬오차등의 변수에 따른 광결합계수를 계산함으로써, 최적의 광정렬조건을 예측하였다. 또한 실리콘 광학벤치에서 광결합효율을 측정하여 광섬유의 수직정렬오차에 따른 광결합계수의 감소가 광섬유의 경사각에 의해 보상될 수 있다는 계산결과의 타당함을 확인하였다. 실제의 sub-module 제작 및 광결합 실험에서 송신빔이 광섬유 단면에 반사되어 PD로 입사되는 것을 최소화하기 위하여 광섬유 단면을 경사절두원추형으로 제작함으로써 PD의 수신 잡음을 $30mu$m 이상의 정렬거리에서 -35dB이하로 유지할 수 있었다. 같은 조건에서 단면 경사각이 $12^{\circ}$인 광섬유에 의해 -12.1dB의 송신출력과 0.2A/W의 responsivity를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.587-599
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• 2018

건물일체형 태양광 발전(BIPV) 시스템은 태양광 모듈을 건축부자재와 결합하여 설치함으로써 주거, 보관, 경제성 요소 등의 건축물 기능을 만족시키면서도 태양광 발전기능을 동시에 수행하기 위한 통합시스템이다. 시스템 통합으로 인해 얻게 되는 장점이 있지만, 태양광 발전기능을 극대화할 수 있는 설계가 필요하다. 선행연구로서 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 실증으로 여러 가지 설계요소들이 발전성능에 미치는 영향분석 결과들이 발표되었지만, 발전성능 분석의 부정확성, 설계요소 간의 관계분석의 미흡, 제한된 실증 범위 등이 문제점으로 남아 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 먼저 발전성능을 실증으로 평가할 수 있도록 목업 시험동을 설계 및 구축하고, 실증시스템 운영에서 획득한 데이터의 통계분석을 수행한 결과를 바탕으로 설계 방안을 연구한다. 구체적으로 주요 설계요소로서 모듈의 종류(c-Si, a-Si), 설치각도($90^{\circ}$, $75^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $3^{\circ}$), 설치방향(서향, 남서향, 남향, 남동향, 동향) 등을 선택하였다. 선택된 설계요소들의 발전성능에 대한 영향을 분석하기 위해, 1년간의 운영 데이터를 획득하여 통계적인 기법으로 데이터의 유효성을 검증하였으며, 또한 다양한 설계요소들 사이의 관계분석을 통하여 발전성능이 최적화되는 설계안을 제시하였다. 이 연구결과는 향후 BIPV 시스템의 적용성 여부에 대해 판단할 때, 그리고 BIPV 시스템을 설계할 때 설계요소들의 최적 선택에 대한 자료가 될 수 있다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2023

In this study, the status and characteristics of fine dust and its impact on neighboring areas were investigated to proactively respond to the government's environmental regulations expected in the future and to minimize the damage by the fine dust generated at construction waste intermediate treatment plants. In addition, since there are no such plants that can affect the surroundings with no houses or other waste treatment sites nearby, an independently located construction waste intermediate treatment plant was selected to compare the characteristics of fine dust with that from the construction waste intermediate treatment sites located in the downtown area. The conclusions of the study are as follows. (1) The measurement results of PM10 at 4 points in the plant showed that the location where the crushing facility was operating had an elevated level of fine dust at 80㎍/m³ on average and a maximum of 124㎍/m³, and the level rose to 110㎍/m³ at points where vehicles frequent. (2) The PM2.5 measurement results inside the plant showed that the average concentration of the reference point was 16㎍/m³ and the maximum value was 20㎍/m³, which was distributed within the management standard. (3) It was found that the average concentration of PM10 in the nearby area ranged from 28 to 38㎍/m³, which was similar to or lower than 36㎍/m³ of the reference point. Therefore, the concentration of the fine dust generated in the plant had a negligible effect on the increase in concentration of fine dust in nearby areas. (4) The heavy metal contents were measured from the filter paper collected from the plant. The PM10 was found to be about 14 to 26ng/m³, and PM 2.5 was 25 to 28ng/m³, which was the average of domestic atmospheric concentrations. (5) The SEM-EDX analysis results showed that the PM10 contained Si and O around 40% similarly for both. The SiO2, a component of silica occupied the most and C was present as CaCO3, which was assumed to be a limestone component. The remaining components included NaO, Al2O3, and CaO as trace oxides. (6) The SEM-EDX analysis results showed that the PM 2.5 contained 5 to 7% of Cl, which is a chlorine ion, and a small amount of K was detected at 2.51% in the sample from the shutdown plant.