• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 2019

Background When performing lymphovenous anastomosis, it is sometimes difficult to find venules in the proximity of an ideal lymphatic vessel that have a similar diameter to that of the lymphatic vessel. In this situation, larger venules can be used. Methods The authors evaluated the efficacy of and patient satisfaction with lymphovenous bypass with sleeve-in anastomosis. Between January 2014 and December 2016, we performed this procedure in 18 patients (eight upper extremities and 10 lower extremities) with secondary lymphedema. Lymphovenous bypass with sleeve-in anastomosis was performed under microscopy after injecting indocyanine green dye. The circumferential diameter was measured before lymphovenous bypass and at 1, 2, and 6 months after the procedure. An outcomes survey that included patients' qualitative satisfaction with lymphovenous bypass was conducted at 6 months postoperatively. Results Almost all patients showed quantitative improvements after surgery. The circumferential reduction rate in patients with stage II lymphedema of both the upper and lower extremities was significantly greater than in their counterparts with stage III/IV lymphedema. The circumferential reduction rate was lower in lower-extremity patients than in upper-extremity patients. Conclusions Lymphovenous bypass surgery with sleeve-in anastomosis in lymphedema patients is beneficial, and appears to be effective, when adequately-sized venules cannot be found in the proximity of an ideal lymphatic vessel.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.861-881
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• 2023

This study investigated the flora of the Wang-ime oreum located on Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do, to basic data for the Jeju Island plant distribution. A total of 366 taxa were found with 94 families, 240 genera, 358 species, 1 subspecies, 6 varieties, and 1 forma. The floristic target species in Korea appeared as 2 taxa of grade V, 13 taxa of grade IV, 46 taxa of grade III, 5 taxa of grade II, and 49 taxa of grade I. There were 14 taxa for naturalized plants. The different plant life forms that appeared were large ground plants (M)(54 taxa), small land plants (N) (52 taxa), epiphyte (E) (6 taxa), indicator plants (Ch) (4 taxa), and semi-aquatic plants (H) (168 taxa), There were 34 and 48 taxa of plants(G) and annuals (Th) respectively. From these results, Wang-ime oreum, which is adjacent to ranches and grasslands, has little artificial interference, as more plants are distributed, and fewer naturalized plants are found than in Suwolbong and Dangsanbong. Accordingly, each oreum plays an important role in the flora of Jeju-do, thus a management plan tailored to the characteristics of the volcano is necessary.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.713-726
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• 2007

The Daebong deposit consists of gold-silver-bearing mesothermal massive quartz veins which fill fractures along fault zones($N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W,\;40{\sim}60^{\circ}SW$) within banded gneiss or granitic gneiss of Precambrian Gyeonggi massif. Ore mineralization of the deposit is composed of massive white quartz vein(stage I) which was formed in the same stage by multiple episodes of fracturing and healing and transparent quartz vein(stage II) which is separated by a major faulting event. The hydrothermal alteration of stage I is sericitization, chloritization, carbonitization, pyritization, silicification and argillization. Sericitic zone occurs near and at quartz vein and includes mainly sericite, quartz, and minor illite, carbonates and epidote. Chloritic zone occurs far from quartz vein and is composed of mainly chlorite, quartz and minor sericite, carbonates and epidote. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of sericite and chlorite range 0.36 to 0.59($0.51{\pm}0.10$) and 0.66 to 0.73($0.70{\pm}0.02$), and belong to muscovite-petzite series and brunsvigite, respectively. Calculated $Al_{IV}-Fe/(Fe+Mg)$ diagrams of sericite and chlorite suggest that this can be a reliable indicator of alteration temperature in Au-Ag deposits. Calculated activities of chlorite end member are $a3(Fe_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH){_6}=0.00964{\sim}0.0291,\;a2(Mg_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH){_6}= 9.99E-07{\sim}1.87E-05,\;a1(Mg_6Si_4O_{10}(OH){_6}=5.61E-07{\sim}1.79E-05$. It suggest that chlorite from the Daebong deposit is iron-rich chlorite formed due to decreasing temperature from $T>450^{\circ}C$. Calculated $log\;{\alpha}K^+/{\alpha}H^+,\;log\;{\alpha}Na^+/{\alpha}H^+,\;log\;{\alpha}Ca^{2+}/{\alpha}^2H^+$ and pH values during wall-rock alteration are $4.6(400^{\circ}C),\;4.1(350^{\circ}C),\;4.0(400^{\circ}C),\;4.2(350^{\circ}C),\;1.8(400^{\circ}C),\;4.5(350^{\circ}C),\;5.4{\sim}6.5(400^{\circ}C)\;and\;5.1{\sim}5.5(350^{\circ}C)$, respectively. Gain elements (enrichment elements) during wallrock alteration are $K_2O,\;P_2O_5,\;Na2O$, Ba, Sr, Cr, Sc, V, Pb, Zn, Be, Ag, As, Ta and Sb. Elements(Sr, V, Pb, Zn, As, Sb) represent a potentially tools for exploration in mesothermal and epithermal gold-silver deposits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.177-193
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• 2009

The Samgwang deposit consists of eight massive mesothermal quartz veins that filled NE and NW-striking fractures along fault zones in Precambrian granitic gneiss of the Gyeonggi massif. The mineralogy and paragenesis of the veins allow two separate discrete mineralization episodes(stage I=quartz and calcite stage, stage II-calcite stage) to be recognized, temporally separated by a major faulting event. The ore minerals are contained within quartz and calcite associated with fracturing and healing of veins that occurred during both mineralization episodes. The hydrothermal alteration of stage I is sericitization, chloritization, carbonitization, pyritization, silicification and argillization. Sericitic zone occurs near and at quartz vein and include mainly sericite, quartz, and minor illite, carbonates and chlorite. Chloritic zone occurs far from quartz vein and is composed of mainly chlorite, quartz and minor sericite, carbonates and epidote. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of sericite and chlorite range 0.45 to 0.50(0.48$\pm$0.02) and 0.74 to 0.81(0.77$\pm$0.03), and belong to muscovite-petzite series and brunsvigite, respectiveIy. Calculated $Al_{IV}$-FE/(FE+Mg) diagrams of sericite and chlorite suggest that this can be a reliable indicator of alteration temperature in Au-Ag deposits. Calculated activities of chlorite end member are $a3(Fe_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=0.0275${\sim}$0.0413, $a2(Mg_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=1.18E-10${\sim}$7.79E-7, $a1(Mg_6Si_4O_{10}(OH)_6$=4.92E-10${\sim}$9.29E-7. It suggest that chlorite from the Samgwang deposit is iron-rich chlorite formed due to decreasing temperature from high temperature(T>450$^{\circ}C$). Calculated ${\alpha}Na^+$, ${\alpha}K^+$, ${\alpha}Ca^{2+}$, ${\alpha}Mg^{2+}$ and pH values during wallrock alteration are 0.0476($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0863($350^{\circ}C$), 0.0154($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0231($350^{\circ}C$), 2.42E-11($400^{\circ}C$), 7.07E-10($350^{\circ}C$), 1.59E-12($400^{\circ}C$), 1.77E-11($350^{\circ}C$), 5.4${\sim}$6.4($400^{\circ}C$), 5.3${\sim}$5.7($350^{\circ}C$)respectively. Gain elements(enrichment elements) during wallrock alteration are $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3(T)$,CaO, MnO, MgO, As, Ag, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, W, V, Br, Cs, Rb, Sc, Bi, Nb, Sb, Se, Sn and Lu. Elements(Ag, As, Zn, Sc, Sb, Rb, S, $CO_2$) represents a potential tools for exploration in mesothermal and epithermal gold-silver deposits.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.290-294
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• 2009

Larval development of Nannopaya pygmaea Rambur (Libellulidae), an endangered dragonfly in Korea, was studied using an introduced lariat population in an artificial wetland habitat. Artificial habitat was created in a green house which imitated a small wetland in Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, where N. pygmaea inhabited. A total of 300 N. pygmaea larvae were introduced to the artificial habitat in June 2007. Larvae were recaptured five times between June 2007 and November 2008 for measurement of body length. As a result, the initial and recaptured populations (Recaptured I, II, III, IV, and V populations, respectively) contained two body size groups [initial 6.20$\pm$0.34 mm and 7.94$\pm$0.46 mm (mean$\pm$SD); Recaptured I 2.84$\pm$0.43 mm and 5.16$\pm$0.83 mm; Recaptured II 5.96$\pm$0.66 mm and 8.02$\pm$0.35 mm; Recaptured III 5.97$\pm$0.73 mm and 7.82$\pm$0.37 mm; Recaptured IV 7.04$\pm$0.93 mm and 8.52$\pm$0.39 mm; Recaptured V 5.72$\pm$0.60 mm and 7.71$\pm$0.30 mm]. Our rearing experiment evidenced that the recaptured I-V populations are the offspring of the initial population and the offspring grew approximately 3 mm at 470 degree days. It was also estimated that N. pygmaea larvae need approximately 100 degree days to grow 0.7 mm in body length.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.868-873
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• 2004

Renal dysfunction could be developed as the secondary disease of liver cirrhosis. Delayed or suppresed lipid peroxidation by the treatment with physiological active substances could be explained as the antioxidative and protective effect in tissue damage. In this study, we investigated an antioxidative effect and renal function improvement of Hovenia dulcis in liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) induced rats. The female Sprague-Dawley rats (180∼210 g) were divided into 3 groups (Normal, AC: CCl₄ mixture treated group, AC-HV: CCl₄ mixture+ Hovenia dulcis treated group) and renal damage was developed by CCl₄ mixture administration in 4 weeks (0.8 ㎖/rat). The tissue of kidney and liver and sera were used for quantitative measurement of enzyme activity, MDA and Hyp. The histological change and gene expression of collagen α1(III) mRNA and a1(IV) mRNA were observed by Masson's trichrome staining and RT-PCR. As a result, the clinical biochemical parameters of liver function (AST and ALT) in sera of AC-HV group showed significantly 46.4% and 104.8% lower (p<0.005), and the level of ALP and BUN as the parameter of protein urine and azotemia showed 17.8 % and 25.8 % lower than in AC group. In AC-HV group, the concentration of MDA in kidney and liver was decreased significantly 15.8% and 21.3% when compared with AC group (p<0.01 -0.005). The content of Hyp in kidney of AC-HV group is merely higher than in AC group, in contrast to liver tissue. The expression of collagen α1(III) mRNA and collagen α1(IV) mRNA was decreased in AC, but both of collagen mRNA in normal and AC-HV group expressed fast similar. More massive lipid droplets, thicker collagen fiber bundles in portal triads and more formation of portal central septum were observed in the liver of AC group than in AC-HV group. In conclusion, CCl₄ mixture intoxication could be developed not only liver fibrosis(cirrhosis) but also renal dysfunction by the massive lipid peroxidation and suppression of interstitial collagen and basement membrane collagen synthesis. And the water extract of Hovenia dulcis may be possessed the antioxidative and protective effect and improvement of kidney function in renal dysfunction induced rats.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.134-141
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• 1999

Objects : Cancer patients receiving radiotherapy have many psychological problems. Those problems depend on clinical factors of cancer and the characteristics of patients. This study was designed to estimate the morbidity of psychiatric disorder and to investigate the relationship between psychiatric disorders and clinical variables. Methods : The subjects were 47 patients who had been treated by radiotherapy. Psychiatric disorder was diagnosed according to DSM-IV. The authors assessed the relation between psychiatric disorder and demographic features, clinical features of cancer such as site, duration, frequency of recurrence of cancer, and patients' awareness of disease and expectation of outcome of radiotherapy. Results : 21 patients(44.7%) had a psychiatric disorder. The most common psychiatric disorder were adjustment disorder(66.7%), and the next major depressive disorder(23.8%). There was a significant positive relationship between psychiatric disorder and recurrence of cancer, patients' expectation of poor outcome after radiotherapy. Psychiatric morbidity was significantly low in those who had no evidence of recurrence and who considered radiation treatment as curative. However, site and duration of cancer, patients' awareness about serious illness were not related with psychiatric disorder. Conclusion : Psychiatric disorders are common among cancer patients on radiotherapy. Further clinical attention and effective treatment of psychiatric complication in cancer patients are needed not only for reducing symptoms but for better adjustment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2014

This study analysed differences between importance and performance of 2014 forest interpreter training program through IPA with the aim to provide suggestions and improvement. First the results of a comparison of the overall average of performance and importance showed importance is higher than performance. Afterwards, the result of IPA showed that confidence of being an interpreter, active involvement, the understanding of the value of forest, expansion of the understanding of forest, the understanding of the mission of interpreter, and the understanding of the qualification of interpreter, those 6 items belong to the I quadrant. In the case of the II quadrant there were interest of the content of education and to learn a lot of things through education. Next, those how to deal with service, planning interpreter programs, clarity of the content of education, accuracy of the content of education, validity of the content of education, appropriate number of participants, and appropriate time of education involved in III quadrant. Finally, concentration in the education and the understanding of the topic of education situated in IV quadrant.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.358-378
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• 2006

This study aims to examine seven factors and forty-two selection attributes of Seoul as an Exhibition and Convention Destination Site through the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) from the Exhibition and Convention Planner. The result of this study shows these three conclusions. First, according to the result of the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) of the forty-two selection attributes of an Exhibition and Convention Destination Site, thirteen attributes were placed on the right top area(Keep Up the Good Work), four attributes were placed on the right bottom area(Possible Overkill), five attributes were located on the left top area(Concentrate Here), and the other twenty attributes were located on the left bottom area(Low Priority). Second, the Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA) of seven factors in an Exhibition and Convention Destination Site reveals that the factors in the right top area(Keep Up the Good Work) of high importance and high performance were "Exhibition and Convention Center Facilities", "Exhibition and Convention Fee", and "Exhibition and Convention Center Accommodation Capacity". And the one factor located on the left top area(Concentrate Here) of high importance and low performance was "Exhibition and Convention Destination Regional Space", while the other factors of "Exhibition and Convention Center Management", "Exhibition and Convention Destination Tourism Space" and "Exhibition and Convention Destination Leisure Activity Space" were placed on the left bottom area(Low Priority) of low importance and low performance. Third, the difference of the mean value of the Importance and Performance on Seoul as an Exhibition and Convention Destination Site has been revealed that the performance of the attributes was lower than the importance of the attributes because forty attributes have described all plus(+) except two attributes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.357-361
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• 2011

In this study, the liquid-crystal optical modulation X-ray detection system using a CdS which is a family of II-IV compound semiconductor was proposed. The system consist of the detector, the signal processing part, the liquid-crystal driving parts, microcontroller, and I/O parts, and was designed to be suitable for miniaturization and portable. In addition, the system can measure a wide range X-ray by using the detecting range selection. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, the CdS sensor's output characteristics were confirmed in accordance with changes of dose, and excellent correlation was determined. And also, the optical penetration ratio was discussed in accordance with changes of the applied voltage by measuring the change of the liquid-crystal in accordance with changes of the applied voltage. Through these results, the characteristics of the liquid-crystal optical modulation system such as the excellent reproducibility and the noise immunity were confirmed. And we considered that the CdS cell-based liquid-crystal optical modulated portable X-ray detection system could be applied to compact, low-cost, portable system.