• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 1973

Sink (grain)-filling rates of IR667 line (Suwon 213 and 214) and local leading varieties (Jinheung and Paldal) were investigated in relation to sink-source ratio, sink-source distance, forms of photosynthates, and weather factors. The results are as follows. 1. IR667 line have higher maximum filling rate (g. grain/day. ear) and shorter duration to reach maximum filling rate than local varieties. The curve pattern of sink-filling rate was high and steep type in IR667 line and low and broad type in local varieties. 2. Weather factors seem to give little effect on the curve pattern of sink-filling rate. 3. The functional sink-source distance (actual sink-source distance multiplied by the contribution rate of leaf for grain production) was shorter in upper leaves (flag and 2nd leaf) for IR667 line, the upper leaf-dependent type in grain production, and was longer in lower leaves (3rd and 4th) for local varieties, the lower leaf-dependent type. Specially short first internode from top may contribute to the upper leaf depencency of IR667 line. 4. According to free sugar-starch ratio (sugar/starch) in the culm and leaf sheath IR667 line could be classified as the high sugar type and the local varieties as the high starch type. The ratio of transportable form (sugar) to non transportable photosynthate (starch) seems to relate with sink-filling rate. And high sugar type is expected to have higher efficiency for grain production in view of energy balance. 5. A hypothesis that the higher in the uniformity within the series of productive structure the more efficient in grain production is proposed and discussed in relation to productivity. 6. According to the pattern of percent nutrient retention of each leaf blade IR667 showed the central retention type and Jinheung showed the apical retention type and each retention type appears to be a cause of each canopy conservation pattern. 7. From the content and percent distribution of nutrient in various organ IR667 could be classified as the leaf sheath dominant type and Jinheung as the leaf blade dominant type. 8. The fact that the greater the percent translocation of nutrient into grain the greater the percent nutrient retention in leaf blade was held between nitrogen and phosphorus within a variety and between varieties within a nutrient (N, P or K).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of uniconazole treatment on the growth and flowering of potted Chrysanthemum indicum L. for high quality pot plant production. Uniconazole was drenched at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot at 14 days after planting (DAP) of rooted cuttings. Simultaneously the short-day treatment (SDT) and pinching were adapted. The same amount of uniconazole (0.05 mg a.i./pot) was spilt drenched at once, twice, and three times, respectively, at 1 week interval. Uniconazole markedly reduced plant height, branch length, and stem diameter. Plant height was reduced linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot up-to 41.6%, 52.5%, and 58.5%, respectively. In 0.05 mg a.i./pot, the number of branches greatly increased and plant height of 22.6 cm was adequate for pot plant. However, higher concentrations (0.10, 0.15 mg a.i.) were not suitable for production of high quality pot plant (17.0, 14.8 cm, respectively). Pinching and SDT decreased the number of days to visible bud, while uniconazole treatments delayed days to visible bud by 5-9 days compared with pinching and SDT. Number of visible buds was highest at 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole treatment. However, flower diameter was decreased by uniconazole treatment, resulting in compact form. Number of stomata was increased by uniconazole treatment. The length of vascular tissues of uniconazole-treated plants ($11.2{\mu}m$) was smaller than that of non-treated plants ($15.0{\mu}m$, and the size of xylem vessel was also decreased. Uniconazole treatment at 0.05 mg a.i./pot at 14 DAP with pinching and SDT were recommended for pot plant production of C. indicum L.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2011

Most domestic companies, with the exclusion of major firms, are reluctant to implement a supply chain management (SCM) network into their operations. Most small- and medium-sized enterprises are not even aware of SCM. Due to the inherent total-systems efficiency of SCM, it coordinates domestic manufacturers, subcontractors, distributors, and physical distributors and cuts down on cost of inventory control, as well as demand management. Furthermore, a lack of SCM causes a decrease in competitiveness for domestic companies. The reason lies in the fundamentality of SCM, which is the characteristic of information sharing, process innovation throughout SCM, and the vast range of problems the SCM management tool is able to address. This study suggests the contemplation and reformation of the current SCM situation by analyzing the SCM strategic plan, discourses and logical discussions on the topic, and a successful case for adapting SCM; hence, the study plans to productively "process" SCM. First, it is necessary to contemplate the theoretical background of SCM before discussing how to successfully process SCM. I will describe the concept and background of SCM in Chapter 2, with a definition of SCM, types of SCM promotional activities, fields of SCM, necessity of applying SCM, and the effects of SCM. All of the defects in currently processing SCM will be introduced in Chapter 3. Discussion items include the following: the Bullwhip Effect; the breakdown in supply chain and sales networks due to e-business; the issue that even though the key to a successful SCM is cooperation between the production and distribution company, during the process of SCM, the companies, many times, put their profits first, resulting in a possible defect in demands estimation. Furthermore, the problems of processing SCM in a domestic distribution-production company concern Information Technology; for example, the new system introduced to the company is not compatible with the pre-existing document architecture. Second, for effective management, distribution and production companies should cooperate and enhance their partnership in the aspect of the corporation; however, in reality, this seldom occurs. Third, in the aspect of the work process, introducing SCM could provoke corporations during the integration of the distribution-production process. Fourth, to increase the achievement of the SCM strategy process, they need to set up a cross-functional team; however, many times, business partners lack the cooperation and business-information sharing tools necessary to effect the transition to SCM. Chapter 4 will address an SCM strategic plan and a case study of LG Electronics. The purpose of the strategic plan, strategic plans for types of business, adopting SCM in a distribution company, and the global supply chain process of LG Electronics will be introduced. The conclusion of the study is located in Chapter 5, which addresses the issue of the fierce competition that companies currently face in the global market environment and their increased investment in SCM, in order to better cope with short product life cycle and high customer expectations. The SCM management system has evolved through the adaptation of improved information, communication, and transportation technologies; now, it demands the utilization of various strategic resources. The introduction of SCM provides benefits to the management of a network of interconnected businesses by securing customer loyalty with cost and time savings, derived through the consolidation of many distribution systems; additionally, SCM helps enterprises form a wide range of marketing strategies. Thus, we could conclude that not only the distributors but all types of businesses should adopt the systems approach to supply chain strategies. SCM deals with the basic stream of distribution and increases the value of a company by replacing physical distribution with information. By the company obtaining and sharing ready information, it is able to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2016

Deep learning model is a kind of neural networks that allows multiple hidden layers. There are various deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks, deep belief networks and recurrent neural networks. Those have been applied to fields like computer vision, automatic speech recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition and bioinformatics where they have been shown to produce state-of-the-art results on various tasks. Among those architectures, convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks are classified as the supervised learning model. And in recent years, those supervised learning models have gained more popularity than unsupervised learning models such as deep belief networks, because supervised learning models have shown fashionable applications in such fields mentioned above. Deep learning models can be trained with backpropagation algorithm. Backpropagation is an abbreviation for "backward propagation of errors" and a common method of training artificial neural networks used in conjunction with an optimization method such as gradient descent. The method calculates the gradient of an error function with respect to all the weights in the network. The gradient is fed to the optimization method which in turn uses it to update the weights, in an attempt to minimize the error function. Convolutional neural networks use a special architecture which is particularly well-adapted to classify images. Using this architecture makes convolutional networks fast to train. This, in turn, helps us train deep, muti-layer networks, which are very good at classifying images. These days, deep convolutional networks are used in most neural networks for image recognition. Convolutional neural networks use three basic ideas: local receptive fields, shared weights, and pooling. By local receptive fields, we mean that each neuron in the first(or any) hidden layer will be connected to a small region of the input(or previous layer's) neurons. Shared weights mean that we're going to use the same weights and bias for each of the local receptive field. This means that all the neurons in the hidden layer detect exactly the same feature, just at different locations in the input image. In addition to the convolutional layers just described, convolutional neural networks also contain pooling layers. Pooling layers are usually used immediately after convolutional layers. What the pooling layers do is to simplify the information in the output from the convolutional layer. Recent convolutional network architectures have 10 to 20 hidden layers and billions of connections between units. Training deep learning networks has taken weeks several years ago, but thanks to progress in GPU and algorithm enhancement, training time has reduced to several hours. Neural networks with time-varying behavior are known as recurrent neural networks or RNNs. A recurrent neural network is a class of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed cycle. This creates an internal state of the network which allows it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal memory to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. Early RNN models turned out to be very difficult to train, harder even than deep feedforward networks. The reason is the unstable gradient problem such as vanishing gradient and exploding gradient. The gradient can get smaller and smaller as it is propagated back through layers. This makes learning in early layers extremely slow. The problem actually gets worse in RNNs, since gradients aren't just propagated backward through layers, they're propagated backward through time. If the network runs for a long time, that can make the gradient extremely unstable and hard to learn from. It has been possible to incorporate an idea known as long short-term memory units (LSTMs) into RNNs. LSTMs make it much easier to get good results when training RNNs, and many recent papers make use of LSTMs or related ideas.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.191-208
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• 2018

This paper focuses on the integration aspect of operators to determine an improvement strategy for the operating system to enhance competitiveness of Busan Port. This Study proposes the following alternatives: valuation standards for the integration of operators, the road map for the integration period, the scope and role setting of integrated operators' participation of Busan Port Authority(BPA), and the separation and linkage North Port and the New Port operators. First, the valuation standards for operator integration should be based on international standards. Additionally quantitative factors such as financial situation, business performance and participating companies' profitability, and the qualitative factors such as management ability, technology, and labor relations should be considered. Second, the timing of North Port's operator integration should be prioritized in the short term in conjunction with the commencement of its phase 2-4, 2-5, and 2-6. The integration of New Port operators should provide a road map for a relatively long-term perspective. Third, the participation of BPA' integrated operators should be considered in terms of publicity as a policy coordinator between terminals and by pursuing the profitability of entering into overseas business by fostering Korean global terminal operators. The scope and role of participation ensures that the experience and technology of the terminal operation business is maximized. Fourth, because physically intergrating the North Port' operator into a single corporate form is difficult, initially establishing a special purpose company to maximize the effect of the integrated operation is necessary. Then, the operators decided to convert to a holding company given the termination of the lease term contract with the State or BPA, and ultimately proposed a merger into a single corporation.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.24
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• pp.223-258
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• 2006

This Research is about the classification of 'Sijochang', or the Korean ode narrative song, in terms of music. Contrary to the literature classification by the number of letters, sijochang varies with the melody. Literally, the classification is generally made as Dansijo(or short ode) Jungsijo(or medium ode) and Jangsijo(or lengthy ode) but the sijochang is normally divided into 'Pyongsijo' (or plain ode), 'Jirumsijo and Saseolsijo'. As while the same Sijochang is called under the different names, the different type of sijochang is also called as the same name, it needs the discussion about its name. Some Korean classical musicians have attempted to define it but they are trying to do it without the specific reasoning about its concept. As a result, the systematic research is required. This study designs to streamline the currently confusing and complex names and set up the sijo's classification system. After reviewing the ancient music note, current sijo score and the traditional theory, I largely classified it into 3 types: Pyongsijo, Jirumsijo and Saseolsijo. And then, 1 analyzed on to which type the sijochang which is presently called belongs, based on several principles. The 67 names of the sijo which I have investigated about are classified with them sharpy reduced into 16. Among the current sijo names. there are some which are of same type yet of different phonetics and there are others which are of different phonetics yet of same type. To avoid such complex and troublesome names, I have orchestrated them as follows, taking the literary and music concept into account. 1) Pyongsijo type : Pyongsijo, Joongherisijo, Wujosijo and Payeonkok 2) Jirumsijo type: Jirumsiro, Namchangjirumsijo(it refers to Jirumsijo sung by male ), Yeochangjirumsijo (it refers to Jirumsijo sung by female), Banjirumsijo(it refers to half the Jiumsiro), Onjirumsijo (it refers to the whole Jirumsijo), Wujojr\irumsijo, Saseoljirumsijo and Whimorisijo) 3) Saseolsijo type : Saseolsijo, Bansaseolsijo(it refers to half the Saseolsijo, Gaksijo or Pyongsiro There are still lots of things to musically streamline, in the fields of disposition of Sijo letters, its form, musical scale and influences on other genre. etc. and as such. the accumulation of theory on them is urgently required. Those musical elements need an in-depth review and study by the experts and the Korean traditional musicians. Later research is expected to play a role of exploring it.

• The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology
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• v.72 no.6
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• pp.325-328
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• 2018

위마비증(gastroparesis)이나 만성 구역 구토 증후군(chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting)으로 인한 구역과 구토에 대한 치료는 일반적으로 사용하는 위장관 촉진제에 만족스럽지 못한 경우가 많고, 여러 부작용으로 인하여 장기적으로 사용하기 어려워 보다 효과적인 치료 방법이 필요하다. 최근 미국에서 발표된 본 연구는 위마비증이나 연관 증후군 환자에서 구역과 구토 증상을 줄이기 위한 aprepitant(neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist) 치료의 효과를 분석한 것으로, 향후 일반적인 치료에 불응성 위마비증 환자에서 새로운 약제 사용을 시도해볼 수 있어 소개하고자 한다. 본 Aprepitant for the Relief of Nausea (APRON) 연구는 기질적 질환을 배제하기 위하여 최근 2년 이내 위내시경이 정상이며, 적어도 6개월 이상 조기 포만감(early satiety), 식후 만복감(postprandial fullness), 팽만감(bloating) 그리고 명치부 통증(epigastric pain)을 유발하는 증상과 함께 만성적인 구역이 있는 18세 이상의 성인 중 4시간의 위배출 검사를 시행받은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 객관적인 지표로 0점에서 45점까지 보이는 9-증상 Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index(GCSI)가 2주 이상 총 21점 이상이며, 0-100 mm의 visual analog scale (VAS)의 7일간의 구역 증상 평균 25 mm 이상인 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 일주일에 3일 이상 narcotics를 사용하였거나 와파린이나 pimozide, terfenadien, astemizole, cisapride를 복용하였던 환자, 2배 이상으로 간 효소 수치상승을 보이거나 Child-Pugh score 10점 이상, aprepitant에 알레르기를 보이는 환자는 제외되었다. 그렇지만 metoclopramide나 erythromycin을 안정적으로 사용 중인 환자는 제외되지 않았다. 위배출 검사는 2시간에서 60% 이상 남아 있거나 4시간에서 10% 이상 남아 있는 경우에 지연된 것으로 정의되었으며, 지연된 위배출 검사 결과 자체는 환자의 등록 기준에 포함되진 않았다. 등록 기준에 포함된 환자는 1:1로 무작위 배정되어 하루 한 번 125 mg의 aprepitant 복용군과 위약군으로 나누어져 연구가 진행되었으며, 약제 복용 4주간 2주 간격으로, 그리고 복용 후 2주 뒤까지 구역 증상의 호전 정도와 약제 안전성을 확인하였다. 이러한 효과를 판정하기 위하여 환자가 방문하는 동안 GCSI를 포함한 Patient Assessment of Upper GI Symptoms (PAGI-SYM), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, daily VAS, daily diary version of the GCSI 그리고 정신 측정 도구와 삶의 질 도구인 Patient health Questionnaire 15와 Short Form 36 version이 측정되었다. 구역에 대한 aprepitant와 위약의 치료 효과의 일차적 판정은 이전 항암 요법에 대한 aprepitant 연구와 같이 28일 평균 VAS 25 mm 미만이거나 치료 전 7일간의 VAS와 비교하여 28일 치료 기간 동안 25 mm 이상 감소한 경우로 정의하였고, 이차 결과는 구역의 매일 시간, 치료 중 구역이 없는 날짜의 퍼센트, PAGI-SYM score의 개선 등으로 확인하였다. 2013년 4월부터 2015년 7월까지 총 126명의 환자가 등록되어 aprepitant군 63명, 위약군 63명으로 무작위 배정되었다. 전체의 57%인 72명에서 위배출 지연이 보였으며, 나머지 43%에서는 정상 또는 빠른 위배출 소견을 보여 만성적으로 설명할 수 없는 구역과 구토에 포함된 환자군으로 확인되었다. 또한 29%에서 당뇨를 가지고 있었으며, 8%에서 수면제를 사용하고 있었다. 최종적으로 aprepitant군은 59명, 위약군은 63명이 연구를 끝까지 종료하였다. 일차 결과에서 aprepitant 군 46%, 위약군 40%의 구역 호전을 보여 두 치료군 간에 통계적으로 의미 있는 차이는 보이지 않았다(상대 위험도 1.2, 95% CI: 0.8-1.7; p=0.43). 그러나 일차 분석의 두 가지 척도(28일 평균 VAS 25 mm 미만과 기저 VAS보다 평균 28일 VAS의 25 mm 이상 감소)를 모두 함께 고려한 민감도 분석에서는 aprepitant군이 37% (22/59)로 위약군의 17%(11/63)에 비하여 통계적으로 의미 있는 구역의 호전을 보였다(상대 위험도 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-4.1; p=0.01). 또한 이차 분석을 살펴보면 aprepitant군에서 PAGI-SYM 중증도 지수로 확인하였을 때, 구역(1.8 vs. 1.0; p=0.005)과 구토(1.6 vs. 0.5; p=0.001)의 중증도 및 매일 구역 시간의 감소를 보였고, 28일 동안 구역이 없는 날짜의 퍼센트 증가 소견을 보였다. 다른 이차 결과 분석에서 aprepitant군이 PAGI-SYM 중증도 지수의 GCSI 종합 점수(1.3 vs. 0.7; p=0.001), 상당한 증상호전, 구역 구토의 세부 점수, 팽만감 세부 점수 그리고 위식도 역류 증상 점수에서 호전을 보였고, 매일 일기로 표현한 daily diary version of the GCSI에 상복부 통증 중증도, 전체 증상 그리고 Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale의 종합 점수에서 호전을 보였다. 연구 중 발생한 부작용은 주로 경증과 중등도 정도의 부작용이 주로 발생하였지만, aprepitant군(35% vs. 17% 위약군, p=0.04)에서 더 많이 발생하였다. 결론적으로 위마비증 또는 위마비증 유사 증후군으로 인한 만성 구역 및 구토 환자의 무작위 시험에서 aprepitant는 VAS 점수를 통한 주요 결과를 분석하였을 때는 구역의 중증도를 호전시키지 못하였지만 다른 이차적 결과에 대해서는 위약군에 대하여 호전 소견을 보였다. 따라서 aprepitant에 효과적인 반응을 보이는 위마비증 환자를 감별하는 추가 임상시험이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2019

Objectives : This study was to compare the level of activity participation(instrumental activities, leisure activities, and social activities of living) and quality of life for elderly people with and without stroke, and to analyze the correlation between the level of activity participation and quality of life in their scores on measures. Methods : The Korean Activity Card Sort(K-ACS) was conducted among 25 elderly people with stroke and 25 elderly people without stroke living in Busan, and their level of activity participation and quality of life were evaluated using the The Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey(SF-36). Results : Elderly people with and without stroke both showed a significant difference in the retained level of activity participation, instrumental activities of daily living, leisure activities, social activities, and the SF-36 score. The scores of the elderly people with stroke for the retained level of activity participation and instrumental activities of daily living in the Korean Activity Card Sort had a significant correlation with the SF-36 score, whereas leisure activities and social activities did not show a significant correlation with the SF-36 score. Among the elderly people without stroke, there was a significant correlation between scores for the retained level of activity participation, leisure activities, and social activities of living in the Korean Activity Card Sort and the SF-36 score, but there was no significant correlation between instrumental activities of daily living and the SF-36 score. Conclusion : The level of activity participation and quality of life could be considered to correlate with one another, and an intervention to improve the activity participation of elderly people with stroke would help to enhance their quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.91-120
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• 2004

The Yan mountain area of the northern part of Hebei province and its local neighbor area is categorized main-distribution area of the northern bronze culture of the Eastern Zhou period(770bc~221bc). Recently, it was discovered the concrete character of the culture by a large scale excavation of the Yuhuangmiao cemetery at Jundu mountain. In the chinese scholarship, the cultural character of this area has established the independent cultural type that is distinguished from the Bronze culture of existing. In this paper, I have as a target of analysis remains relate to the Yuhuangmiao culture of the mountain area of northern Hebei in the Eastern Zhou period. And I would like to judge about diverse infuluential relationships of the character of the Yuhuangmiao curture and the Bronze culture, especially burials, burial customs and the characters of the excavated article. In particular, diverse infuluential relationships of the upper Xiajiadian culture Ordos bronze culture and The Central Plains cultural from The Yan state have a important meaning to understand about the character of the Yuhuangmiao culture and the beginning development process. Ultimately, it is peculiar characters of the Yuhuangmiao culture that a shaft gave with stone compartment protecting a coffin as a symbolic form, mask-burial customs such as mainly burials of the living with the dead dogs, a drum shaped jar, a tripod jar with two handles, a short bronze sword with circle hilt, Central Plains cultural bronze containers, bronze halberd and horse-shaped accessories of cartage horse trapping are distinguished from a local neighbor, the bronze culture from northern. The territory of time-space of The Yuhuangmiao culture can be dominately recognized bewteen the upper Xiajiadian culture and Ordos bronze culture. It is the Yan culture after the middle Warring States Period considering with the peculiar chacters which reflected by burials and bural customs and diverse infuluential relationships with peripheral cultures.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2018.11a
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• pp.165-175
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• 2018

Since the 1997 financial crisis, large scale unemployment and poverty have become serious, and public and social job creation projects have been carried out. However, with the limitations of low-wage and short-term jobs, the need for long-term and high quality jobs gradually began to attract attention. In recent years, social enterprises have grown both quantitatively and qualitatively and interest in social enterprises has increased. And also it is interested in the determinants of success and failure of social enterprises in the academic field. In this study, we examined the effects of social enterprise characteristics on financial and social performance, and we analyzed empirically by using social enterprises registered in the Korea Social Enterprise Agency. The financial performance of the social enterprise is measured by the net income ratio, operating income ratio, and the return on asset. The social performance of the social enterprise is measured by total number of workers and the employment rate of the vulnerable social groups. The characteristics of the social enterprise include the CEO characteristics (gender, age, experience in operating the social enterprise), the firm size, and the elapsed time of the authentication. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, as a result of analysis for the effect on financial performance, we found that the financial performance have a statistically significant positive relationship with firm size, organizational form, government subsidies and capital adequacy ratio. And it is found that the social performance have a statistically significant negative relationship with CEO age, credit debt dependence. Second, as a result of analysis for the effect on social performance, we foumd that total number of workers have a significant positive relationships with CEO gender, CEO age, and firm size, government subsidies, while total number of workers have a significant negative relationship with certification type and industry dummy. On the other hand, the employment rate of the vulnerable social groups have a siginificant positive relationship with CEO gender and certification type and It have not statistically significant relationship with the government subsidies and the firm size.