• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.285-300
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• 2021

Background and objective: Rural migrants are an important human resource in urban and rural exchange (URE) business, therefore it is necessary to enhance their awareness and intent-to-participate. This study was to analyze the rural migrants' recognition and intent-to-participate of URE business and to propose the enhancement of them both. Methods: The questionnaire was designed to analyze the socio-demographic background, motivations, satisfaction with settlement, intent-to-persist, and intent-to-participate of URE business including tourism. The data of 144 respondents was subject to the statistical analysis. Results: The motives of migration were to enjoy leisure life after retirement, increased tiredness of city life, health problems, etc. The satisfaction with settlement was 3.67 at 5-point Likert scale. The intent-to-recommend and intent-to-publicize were 3.40 and 3.46, respectively. The intent-to-participate was 3.45, which was affected by the necessity of URE business and the support of central/local governments, and also showed a significant correlation with the satisfaction with settlement, intent-to-recommend, intent-to-publicize, tourism resources for green tourism or rural tourism, driving a car in Namhae county, and the service and price of meals. They thought the missions that the Namhae county office must focus on were to establish an internal/external public relations systems, establish a support system of central/local governments, and foster/support local leaders. Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the satisfaction with settlement and intent-to-persist, expand exchanges with local people, improve internal/external public relations systems, foster/support leaders, improve transportation in the county, enhance the service and price of meals, and develop/operate URE programs including tourism.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2001

The advent of the Internet and development of information technologies have changed the environment of doing business. Accordingly, they expect that the relative importance of electronic commerce in the business becomes growing more and more. Among the areas of electronic commerce, B2B marketplaces that play the roles of linking buyers and suppliers take the important place. This study examines requirements for activating domestic B2B marketplaces by analyzing the literature and the status of the marketplaces. For the analysis, evaluation factors that belong to one of the four categories (i.e., Information step, Agreement step, Settlement step, and the rest) are selected. Results of the study suggest the following activation requirements for domestic B2B marketplaces : 1. Enforcement of services for the Agreement and Settlement steps. 2. Supporting multinational languages. 3. Diversification of income sources. 4. Standardization. 5. Integrating main systems. 6. Satisfying the necessities of buyers and suppliers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.4 s.76
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

In this study, in order to evaluate the effect of two types of connector systems in reinforced retaining wall, the centrifugal tests for the conventional connector and new settlement connector system were performed. In the centrifugal tests, the aluminum plate for the face was used and the aluminum foil was used as a reinforcement. The granite soil was adopted as a fill. As a result, The settlement reinforced retaining wall reached to the failure at 80g-level. In contrast, the conventional reinforced retaining wall was collapsed at 69g-level. It means that the settlement reinforced retaining wall has the stronger stability than the conventional reinforced retaining wall. In addition, it was shown that the settlement connector system is more effective to release the stress concentration occurred at the face of reinforced retaining wall than the conventional connector system.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.163-196
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• 2005

In modern society, there is given rise to a lots of environmental controversies. This disputes bring about the social problems. The reason that this kinds of dispute is frequently brought in our society is that our society is democratized and a nation asserts his rights strongly. And also the reason is that there is not enough the legal system which is able to settle such a dispute amicably. Thus this thesis deals with the arbitration systems as the way to solve the dispute of environmental problems. This paper is composed as follows. 1. Introduction 2. The cause of trouble still exists in our society related to environmental controversy 3. A general settlement procedure of environmental disputes 4. Administrative grievance mediation 5. Environmental disputes and arbitration systems 6. Conclusion

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.493-505
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the regional differences of 0-12 aged children's environment based on their parents' socioeconomic class and on the character of the settlement. One thousand and two hundred households were investigated and the results are as follows. It is revealed that families in low socio-economic class are more likely to be exposed to noise and home crowdedness. Families living in spontaneous settlement are deprived of natural light and the roads to their homes are steep and narrow. Low income families face a housing affordability crisis. Most of them pay housing rent on monthly basis. The basic infrastructure of low income neighborhood is lacking convenient facilities like shopping centers, public transportation systems, banks, public parks, and libraries. This lack of facilities is more severe in spontaneous settlement. Instead, bars and taverns are located in their neighborhood. Accessibility to parks and resource centers is an important factor that makes both middle and low income families consider their neighborhood to be positive and this condition is counted better in social housing area than in spontaneous settlement. On the contrary, social networks like friends and relatives are strong in spontaneous settlement and families in poverty value these relationships. Such networks are weak in social housing area and this difference is not related to their residential period. Low income families living in social housing area are more pessimistic about their future and this view might result from their counterpart middle class neighbors and the weak social networks.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.315-327
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• 2019

Deep excavations for development of subway systems in metropolitan regions surrounded by adjacent buildings is an important geotechnical problem, especialy in Tabriz city, where is mostly composed of young alluvial soils and weak marly layers. This study analyzes the wall displacement and ground surface settlement due to deep excavation in the Tabriz marls using two dimensional finite element method. The excavation of the station L2-S17 was selected as a case study for the modelling. The excavation is supported by the concrete diaphragm wall and one row of steel struts. The analyses investigate the effects of wall stiffness and excavation width on the excavation-induced deformations. The geotechnical parameters were selected based on the results of field and laboratory tests. The results indicate that the wall deflection and ground surface settlement increase with increasing excavation depth and width. The change in maximum wall deflection and ground settlement with considerable increase in wall stiffness is marginal, however the lower wall stiffness produces the larger wall and ground displacements. The maximum wall deflections induced by the excavation with a width of 8.2 m are 102.3, 69.4 and 44.3 mm, respectively for flexible, medium and stiff walls. The ratio of maximum ground settlement to maximum lateral wall deflection approaches to 1 with increasing wall stiffness. It was found that the wall stiffness affects the settlement influence zone. An increase in the wall stiffness results in a decrease in the settlements, an extension in the settlement influence zones and occurrence of the maximum settlements at a larger distance from the wall. The maximum of settlement for the excavation with a width of 14.7 m occurred at 6.1, 9.1 and 24.2 m away from the wall, respectively, for flexible, medium and stiff walls.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1990.10a
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• pp.9-24
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• 1990

Most tunnels in soft soils in urban areas are constructed by shield tunnelling method for environmental reasons. Ground surface settlements are caused by shield tunnelling so that auxiliary measures are often required. Simple methods to predict ground surface settlement are given. The use of the slurry or the earth pressure balance shield machine and the application of new methods of grouting with computer aided operation control systems decreases the ground surface settlement to 3 mm. The construction cost of tunnels is almost identical whichever type of shield machine is employed according to a statistical investigation.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.217-245
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• 2001

Like traditional commerce, disputes are bound to arise in the course of conducting an e-commerce transaction. At present of June 30, 2001, 259 cases of dispute on e-commerce have been applied for the mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Mediation Committee, types of them are 170 cases of delayed delivery of commodity, 21 cases of contract cancellation and refund, 16 cases of personal information protection, 16 cases of false and exaggerated advertisement, 14 cases of commodity defect. The settlement systems of e-commerce dispute are litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR). ADR encompasses mediation, arbitration, and similar private tools for resolving disputes. ADR offers many perceived advantages. Speed of resolution and low cost are often cited as the primary benefits. Therfore e-commerce disputes may be settled more effectively by litigation. The settlement systems of e-commerce dispute by ADR are the mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Mediation Committee, the mediation of Consumer Dispute Mediation Commercial Arbitration Board, and the arbitration of Korean Commerical Arbitration Board. E-commerce sets up the probability that its merchants and customers will not exist in the same legal jurisdictions. The confusing application of laws and wide geographical dispersion of these parties will necessitate a faster and cheaper dispute resolution methodology. Therefore, online ADR may be effective for e-commerce dispute resolution. The examples of online ADR opetation are the cyber mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Resolution Committee, the cyber mediation of Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, the cyber mediation of Click N Settle, the online ADR of BBB online, and the cyber arbitration of virtual Magistrate.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.15
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• pp.1-18
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• 2004

It was 1976 when the preparation of consolidated financial sheet was first prescribed in this nation. Since then, the prescription has been revised several times. Revised in April 1992, enforcement regulations of the Securities Exchange Act provided that every listed corporation has its consolidated financial sheets and an auditor's opinion about them attached to its business report. In other words, the outside audit of consolidated financial sheets became inevitable. The Act of the Outside Audit of Corporation was revised in December 1993 to provide that all corporations must prepare consolidated financial sheets and receive the outside audit of the documents beginning their settlement of accounts in December 1994. In case of overseas corporations, consolidated financial sheets and the Equity Law have been applied since their settlement of accounts in December 1995. Now those sheets must be prepared by all local and overseas corporations that involve relations of governance or dependence. The preparation and public notification of consolidated financial sheets has been settled as a system. This nation has not yet introduced consolidated tax return using consolidated financial sheets. Such tax return system is already being used by most of the world's economic powers such as U.S., Europe and Japan. This study shows that reduction in corporation tax is the biggest reason for avoiding consolidated tax return system, even though the system can facilitate the settlement of consolidated accounting. Consolidated tax return, which is being implemented in about 20 countries including U.S., needs to be introduced by this nation where consolidated financial sheets are publicly notified.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.933-977
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• 2000

BOLERO project and TradeCard System are attracted public attention as new settlement method that is able to substitute for documentary letter of credit. BOLERO is the business processes and methods, together with the digital information system, which are provided by Bolero International for communicating Messages and Documents and facilitating business transactions. TradeCard aim to make international business-to-business e-Commerce easy, fast, inexpensive and secure while innovating current documentary compliance and financial settlement mechanisms. The main purpose of this paper is to search the possibility of paperless trade. Since, this paper examine the international legal feasibility of these systems and compare the strength and weakness.