• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2005

Electronic Trade of increasing is the use of the Internet makes it possible for business to expand their markets and render services. However, it also brought up many problems caused by various issues. The problems encompass consumer protection and dispute settlement between the disputed parties. Online ADR have some advantage that are convenience, low-cost, legitimate to online users and avoids jurisdiction issues and some disadvantages that are loss of the human factor, lack of accessibility, lack of confidentiality and security and difficulty of enforcing arbitral agreements. This purpose of this paper is to reviews the types of Online ADR, as the dispute settlement way in Electronic Trade. This study points out the task that korea has to promote the Online ADR for more effective and efficient dispute settlements.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2004

Nagan walled town is located on an axis connecting symbolic places, which is a lucky place from the Fengshui point of view because a mountain sits to the rear and a body of water sits to the front. It represents the environmental development of cultural space by blending folk belief, religion, social systems, adminstration facilities and living culture buildings. Therefore, it has a sustainable cultural view connected with a formed or formless religious view and an artificial view (walls, government buildings, living houses, cultivated lands, etc.) in a natural landscape. Environmental design techniques, enlarging the meaning and value of living on a mental level, can be found in the arrangement of space composition and settlement of Nagan walled town. The organised spaces of government and residential areas were constructed within the wall with the view of searching for lucky places (from best, better and good places) in order to construct ecological networks according to the outlooks of space and settlement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.185-191
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• 2003

Walled town was located on the axis connecting symbolic places, which was a feng-shui lucky place of a mountain sits to the rear and a body of water sits to the front. It represents environmental development of cultural space by blend of folk belief, religion, social system, administration facilities and living culture buildings. Therefore it is sustainable cultural view connected of formed or formless religious view and artificial view(wall, government buildings, living houses, and cultivated land so on) in a nature landscape. Environmental design technique, enlarging its meaning and value of living to mental level was founded from space composition and settlement, which was constructed organized space of government and residence area of walled town within the wall for looking for lucky place(from best, better, and good places) in order to construct ecological network (天+地+人, 山＋水＋方位＋人, 地理＋生利＋山水＋人心) by outlook of space and settlement.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2023

Recently, as the development of underground spaces has become active due to rapid urbanization and population density, interest in the ground behavior according to the construction of underground spaces is increasing. In large cities with high population density and many buildings, ground subsidence has a great impact on structures and there may be a risk of collapse, so the analysis of ground behavior due to underground construction is essential. Previous studies have been conducted on the subsidence pattern of the surface and the deformation of the tunnel when constructing the tunnel, but analysis has rarely been conducted by using actual topographic information. Therefore, this study analyzed the difference in ground behavior between the actual topography and the flat topography. As a result, it was confirmed that ground settlement occurs at higher elevations, such as in mountainous topography, and when the numerical analysis is performed considering topographical information, the crown settlement of the tunnel is up to about approx. It showed a difference of 10 mm, and it was found that the sensitivity was less in the case of displacement of tunnel wall compared to the crown settlement and ground settlement. The numerical analysis considering the actual GIS-based topographic information presented in this study can be used to obtain more accurate surface subsidence data to understand the behavior of the upper structure due to tunnel excavation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.143-152
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide practical data for proposing the housing environment support policy, fit for returners-to-village. For the purpose, this study focused the patterns of returners-to-village according to their experience of rural life, and their ways of settlement like planning and getting land and house. The questionnaires were answered by 91 persons who were living in Chungbuk area, and were analyzed chi-analysis on their socio-demographic characteristics according to experience of rural life, preparation of settlement and construction. The ANOVA were used to analyze their pattern of return according to experience, the period for getting house, and their satisfaction level of house size. The results were as follows. First, the returners showed differentiated tendency according to their experience of rural life, in their age, family life cycle, education level and income source after return. The experience of rural life explained the purpose of return and the living pattern after return. Direct experience group was mostly occupational farmer; indirect experience group mostly pursued good health & green life; non experience group mostly pursued green life. Second, the experience of rural life also explained differentiated tendency of returning preparation. In raising money, direct experience group mostly raised it privately but indirect or non experience group mostly used bank loan. Third, the returners mostly constructed new houses; non experience group almost constructed newly, but there were cases to utilize existing or vacant house in direct experience group, and indirect experience group favored existing house or remodeling of vacant house.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2013

In this study installation diameter, interval, area replacement ratio and ground hardness of applicable ground in C.G.S method should be mastered through surrounding ground by conducting modeling. Optimum artificial neural network was selected through the study of the parameter of artificial neural network and prediction model was developed by the relationship with numerical analysis and artificial neural network. As this result, C.G.S pile settlement and ground settlement were found to be equal in terms of diameter, interval, area replacement ratio and ground hardness, presented in a single curve, which means that the behavior pattern of applied ground in C.G.S method was presented as some form, and based on such a result, learning the artificial neural network for 3D behavior was found to be possible. As the study results of artificial neural network internal factor, when using the number of neural in hidden layer 10, momentum constant 0.2 and learning rate 0.2, relationship between input and output was expressed properly. As a result of evaluating the ground behavior of C.G.S method which was applied to using such optimum structure of artificial neural network model, is that determination coefficient in case of C.G.S pile settlement was 0.8737, in case of ground settlement was 0.7339 and in case of ground heaving was 0.7212, sufficient reliability was known.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.171-205
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• 2002

ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) is a system to settle disputes without having to pursue a judgment through the courts; it provides an alternative to conventional judicial proceedings. As such, ADR is available to resolve a wide range of disputes, ranging from minor disagreements between neighbors to contracts involving millions of dollars. One can say there has been “efficient resolution of a dispute” only when it has been settled rapidly and finally to the satisfaction of all parties concerned, inexpensively and in a transparent manner. In this respect, ADR may well be regarded as the most efficient method to resolve disputes. In order to establish and disseminate ADR as a practical dispute-settlement procedure, first, governmental financial support is necessary, rather than having to depend upon fees collected from the disputing parties. At the same time, various inducement policies also are required. The most important factor is to make people aware of the fact that ADR is a low-cost, speedy system and more practical compared with other procedures. Second, cooperation from legal circles, lawyers in particular, is absolutely necessary. If disputes become serious, the general public normally seeks out lawyers for advice. Third, disputing parties have to be convinced of the benefits of ADR, secure in the knowledge that ADR will provide them not only with economic benefit but also a satisfactory result. Diverse ADR procedures should be developed and implemented to facilitate participation in a comfortable atmosphere with a mutually friendly relationship. The most important factor in achieving the wider use of ADR, which is attracting more attention of late, is the expectation that it will bring a satisfactory resolution to the related parties in dispute. The trend of seeking a new dispute-settlement method also reflects the changing sense of values in society today. Therefore, one specific method is not suitable for all kinds of disputes. A proper system should offer different approaches according to the pattern and type of dispute and the parties concerned. In selecting a dispute-resolution system, several factors have to be considered - the relationship between the parties, their financial situations, the necessity of maintaining confidentiality, urgency for settlement, etc. In the light of all these, it is desirable for the disputing parties to select the most appropriate of the available systems, not blindly turning to the courts, if and when a dispute arises.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.108-122
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• 1991

For the tunnel pattern of PD-3, a numerical analysis using the FEM program, MrSoil, was conducted with given geotechnical properties of surrounding rockmasses to verify the analysis results by comparing with other programs. The analyzed domain was extended to the far enough distance from the excavation surface to avoid the restrained effect by the boundary condition, and the construction sequence was employed in the analysis as calculation steps to simulate the time dependent 3 dimentional behavior of surrounding ground due to tunneling. Maximum 35 mm of the tunnel crown settlement and about 13 mm of the surface settlement were computed and the amount of settlement may not give any structural damage on the concrete structures on the ground surface. The shotcrete stress of 84 kg/cm2 and the rockbolt axial force of 9 ton as a maximum are within the allowable limit. The plastic zone was restricted near the excavation surface, but forepoling around the crown may be required to prevent rock falling. It is believed that the tunnel is designed reasonablely from the economical and safety points of view.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Relocation to new environments can have a negative impact on health by altering body weight and dietary patterns. This study attempted to elucidate changes in body weight, food security, and their current food and nutrient consumption in adult North Korean refugees (NKR) living in South Korea (SK). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study analyzed data on 149 adult NKR from a North Korean refugee health in SK cohort at four time points (leaving North Korea, entering SK, first examination, and second examination). Body weight was self-reported at the two earlier time points and directly measured at the two later time points. Food security, diet-related behaviors (dietary habits and food consumption), and sociodemographic information were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Nutrient intake information was obtained by one-day 24-hour recall. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS ver 23.0. RESULTS: Body weight increased during relocation by an average of 4 kg, although diversified patterns were observed during the settlement period in SK. Approximately 39.6% of subjects maintained their body weight between the first and second examinations, whereas 38.6% gained and 22.1% lost at least 3% of their body weight at the first examination by the second examination. Food security status improved from 12.1% food secure proportion to 61.7%. NKR showed generally good food and nutrient consumption (index of nutrient quality: 0.77-1.93). The body weight loss group showed the most irregular meal consumption pattern (P < 0.05), and eating-out was infrequent in all three groups. Consumption frequencies of food groups did not differ by group, except in the fish group (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION: This study observed considerable body weight adjustment during the settlement period in SK after initial weight gain, whereas food security consistently improved. More detailed understanding of this process is needed to assist healthy settlement for NKR in SK.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The aim of this study is to find what architectural restoration and street-scaping conservation of early settlement in Virginia, which have processed on the style of 18th centuries. One of the settlements in Virginia was Williamsburg that located in the high land between Jamestown and Yorktown. In 1698, the capital of Virginia was moved from Jamestown for the safer environment. At that time they constructed the town like a small urban that had a straight-lined Duke Glocester Street, Georgian style buildings, and landscapes of 18th centuries. Before 1928 the village was flown into ruins, but Rector of the church, Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, understood the value of reservation to restore the village as colonial architectural style that has an original figure. John Rockefeller Jr. has taken part in his restoration of colonial style of architecture and culture. This paper surveyed nine cases of buildings and srtreet-scape on Duke Glocester Street. Most of the buildings on the street have a proposition, balance, and equipment of Georgian architectural facade in 18th centuries. The conclusion has three points. First, the Williamsburg has been reserved as an early colonial settlement through the restoration of architecture and street-scape design. Second, main architectural style is a Georgian form that has a balance, proportion, and simplicity of facade. Also new buildings and additions of architecture have to keep 'Design Review Guideline of Colonial Williamsburg' in order to contribute the existing colonial buildings. Third, the main street-scape, Duke Glocester Street shows Georgian architecture and cultural life pattern with tradition.