• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

Objectives : We have examined and analyzed patents regarding acupuncture point stimulating methods in order to understand the stimulation technology and research trends of acupuncture points. Methods : We searched and analyzed the total of 135 on-line DB based patents under time limit of Dec, 2010. Results : According to the analyzed results, non-invasive method is used more than invasive method. Electric stimulation is used more than any other method, such as magnetic, ionic, laser, light, ultrasonic, water, Far IR and thermal stimulation. There are numbers of cases such as rejected during screening procedure, waived before the screening, of failed to renew its registrational status which outnumber those patents registered and maintained. Conclusions : These data suggest that we need to move away from using one side method such as non-invasive and electrical method. Thus follow-up service is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.3 no.4 s.12
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• pp.132-138
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• 2002

Recently, utilization of PMIS(Project Management Information System) is in high demand as it is desired to advance the construction market through cost reduction and quality improvement within the given schedule. However, PMIS developed by individual projects are mostly evolving around construction progress status due to the temporary nature of development period and use of the system by project executers is no more than perfunctory that results in limiting the effective communication between the project owner, project manager and constructor. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the PMIS developed so far, and present the direction for an effective PMIS.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2001

An electronic micropayment system, one of electronic payment systems, is suitable especially when a small amount of money is to be paid frequently in order to purchase on-line goods (i.e. database search, software distribution, electronic news service, etc). In addition, since the amount of payment is small, possible damages caused by system failures are lower than other payment system. In this paper, a micropayment protocol in electronic commerce environments on the Internet is proposed, based on the PayWord system. And a micropayment electronic commerce system which executes the protocol proposed is implemented. Unlike the PayWord system, however, the micropayment protocol proposed in this paper is designed in such a way that a merchant does not need to request a payment at the end of every business day since a customer cannot purchase goods beyond length of hash chains, which is specified on a certificate. In addition, the system is able to check the validity as well as the duplicate spending of hash chains. The electronic micropayment system with the proposed protocol is consists of Customers, Merchants, and Brokers. Customers are implemented on Windows NT 4.0 using VC++. Merchants are implemented on Solaris 2.5.1 and gcc 2.8.0 using Netscape Web Server and CGI Methods. HP UX 10.20 is used for Brokers.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.273-283
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to review the rural youth programs of selected foreign countries and to draw some implications to the rural youth programs in Korea. The youth development programs reviewed were 4-H Youth Development Program of U.S.A, Rural Youth Information Service of Australia, Rural Youth Job Strategy of Canada, The Urban-Rural Youth Program of U.S.A, and Expert Consultation on Extension Rural Youth Programmes and Sustainable Development of FAO. After reviewing the rural youth programs of selected foreign countries, the authors suggested the following implications for further development of rural youth programs in Korea; 1. The target group of rural youth programs should include urban youth as well as rural youth, and the programs should be focused on enlarging their awareness of the rural community and agriculture. 2. Rural youth programs should be extended beyond agricultural sectors, such as leadership, career development, leisure activity, and cultural life. 3. We should develop some programs to support academic achievement, career development, employment, cultural needs including some strategies to prevent problematic behaviors of rural youth. 4. Rural youth should be supported more opportunities to join the community life to experience and learn various life skills through active participation such as interpersonal skill, leadership skill, and problem-solving skill.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.26
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• pp.203-223
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• 2005

Many international transactions involve the use of security devices, commonly referred to as "guarantees", "bonds", or "standby credits", designed to protect one of the parties from a breach by its counter-party. These security mechanisms may be provided by banks, insurance companies, specialized surety companies, or other financial service firms. Although some legal systems distinguish between "guarantees", "bonds", and "indemnities", these terms are often used as synonyms in the everyday language of international traders. It may therefore be necessary to examine the particular characteristics and nature of the guarantee obligation in order to properly classify the guarantee. Two main categories of guarantee are demand and suretyship. Under a demand guarantee, the guarantor must pay on first demand by the beneficiary. The beneficiary only has to demand payment under the guarantee - there is no need to prove that the principal has actually defaulted on a contractual obligation. Under a suretyship or conditional guarantee, the obligation of the guarantor is triggered by the actual default or contractual breach of the principal, as evidenced in a document such as a court judgement or arbitral award against the principal. Guarantees have been widely used in the international business transactions. Main uses of guarantees are as follows : Performance Bonds/Guarantees, Bid(or Tender) Bonds/Guarantees, Advance Payment or Repayment Bonds/Guarantees, Retention Bonds/Guarantees, Maintenance(or Warranty) Bonds/Guarantees etc.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.26
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• pp.143-172
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• 2005

The biggest exchange of international environment of shipping logistics in 21 century should appear ultra-mega container ships on the shipping market. The competitive trend of large size container ship was based on economics of scale among the international shipping business. In the environment, shipping firms consider the integration of freight forwarder and shipper in the international logistics process. The aims of this research analyse a relation between the environment uncertainty and logistics information system(LIS) and the integration and resolve the integration and its impact on logistics performance. The research methodology of this research analyse structural equation modeling on the relation of variables. The results of research are as follows. First, Environmental uncertainty significantly influences the internal integration and the external integration. Second, LIS has an influence on the logistics integration by providing the foundation for LIS utilization in international logistics process. Third, the internal integration significantly influences a logistics performance, which implies that firms should promote interaction and collaboration through internal process integration to achieve logistics performance as the logistical cost and service. But the external integration is not significantly a logistics performance.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the rate of and factors associated with influenza vaccination in Korean elderly people. Methods: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008. A total of 1,516 men and women aged 65 or above were included. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The overall rate of influenza vaccination in 2008 was 73.6%. The vaccination rate was lower in women (73.2%) than in men (74.2%; p<.001). It was lower in the elderly aged 80 and above, those living in metropolitan areas, smokers, those who did not receive regular health screening, those who had no history of hospitalization within one year, and those who had liver diseases than in the other groups. The rate of vaccination was higher in those with cancer. Logistic regression analysis revealed that for both men and women, the significant correlates associated with vaccination were demographic factors, chronic disease and health behavior. Conclusion: The influenza vaccination coverage needs to be improved. Efforts should be made to reach the elderly population with relatively low influenza vaccination rates and to increase awareness about the importance of vaccination at a personal and community level.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2003

An analysis was performed to evaluate the prehospital advanced emergency care in Emergency Medical Service system(EMS) through the review of the 119 transfort chart of 190 patients who visited to Jecheon Seoul hospital emergency center at Chungbuk Jecheon via 119 system during the period from October 2002 to September 2003. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Among 190 patients, male were 127(66.8%) and female were 63(33.2%) and nontraumatic patients were 81(42.6%) and traumatic patients were 109(57.4%). 2. The analysis of prehospital care by Emergency Medical Technician(EMT) revealed that Airway maintenance and keeping oral airway(37.7%), oxygen supply(75.9%), Tourniquett or MAST(18.9%), Immobilization of neck or spine(94.7%), Immobilization of extremities (51.4%), wound bandage and dressing(25.0%), BCLS(12.1%) and Application of AED(2 patients). 3. The analysis of prehospital care by EMT revealed prehospital care was limited to keep of intubation or LMA, medication and IV insertion, insertion of gastric tube and ACLS. 4. There was no case of the notification to medical institute or consultation to doctor.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2004

This study was to investigate brand image and its influence on customers perception of fast-food restaurants. A total of 25 brand image attributes were selected on the basis of the literature review and were asked to indicate respondents' perceptions of their image targeting for fast-food restaurants such as Lotteria, McDonald, KFC, and Popeyes. A on-site survey method was applied to collect data. Out of 300 distributed survey questionnaire, a total of 271 useful sample were collected and analyzed in SPSS 10.0. From the factor analysis with 25 brand image attributes, five underline dimensions were identified and named such as interior factor, store factor, atmosphere factor, service factor, and product factor. Then, T-test and ANOVA were conducted to investigate any differences between/among the groups based on those five brand image factors. The results provided that in terms of gender, age, preference for fast food, food cluster, and four different brand, customers differently perceived restaurant brand image. It is hoped that this information may help for restaurant managers and marketers to understand customers' restaurant perception and choice behavior in order to launch appropriate marketing strategies.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.212-219
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• 2015

Korea's first tram (so called "tram"), which was commenced the operation on May 4, 1899 of late Joseon Dynasty and run until 1968, played a pivotal role of public transportation. However, tram as new transportation mean is being recognized as traffic congestion problem becomes issue due to geometric automobile increase and reckless urban plan after stoppage of tram service. Tram has an advantage of inexpensive construction cost and eco-friendly means compared to existing and city railway, carrying more passengers rather than existing bus, excellent connectivity of existing transportation because of easy accessible to destination in the city center. Therefore, tram, what is called "Green Rvolution of Public Transportation", has a dreaming of revival and in the process of pushing. We suggest the accident type which might break out in the early stage of tram introduction and preventive measures by surveying the accident cases of tram advanced country, and study the crossing control measures.