• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-139
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• 2019

In problem solving education, sentence problems are a tool for comprehensive evaluation of mathematical ability. The sentence problems refer to the problem expressed in sentence form rather than simply a numerical representation of mathematical problems. In order to solve sentence problems with a mixture of mathematical terms and general language, problem-solving ability including the ability to understand the meaning of sentences as well as the mathematical computation ability is required. Therefore, it is important to analyze syntactic elements from the linguistic aspects in sentence problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the complexity of sentence problems in the length of sentences and the grammatical complexity of the sentences in the depth of the sentences by analyzing the 51 sentence problems presented in the $4^{th}$ grade mathematics textbook(2015 revised curriculum). As a result, it was confirmed that it is necessary to examine the length and depth of the sentence more carefully in the teaching and learning of sentence problems. Especially in elementary mathematics, the sentence problems requires a linguistic understanding of the sentence, and therefore it is necessary to consider syntactic elements in the process of developing and teaching sentence problems in mathematics textbook.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sentence repetition and sentence production in school-age children. The participants included 120 school-age children through 1st to 6th grades who were then divided into three grade groups (lower grade: 1st to 2nd grades, intermediate grade: 3th to 4th grades, and higher grade: 5th to 6th grades). The repetition task consisted of 32 sentences that were classified by sentence length (5, 6, 7, and 8 words) and structure (conjunctive and embedded sentences). The sentence production task utilized Lee's (2007) grammaticality judgement and sentence combining task. The findings of present study were as follows. (1) The higher grade performed significantly better than the lower and intermediate grades. (2) The participants performed significantly worse when imitating longer sentences than when imitating shorter ones. In addition, there were interaction effects between grade groups and sentences length. (3) The participants performed significantly better when imitating conjunctive rather than embedded sentences. (4) There was significantly positive correlation between the sentence repetition and sentence production task.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.249-262
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of syntactic complexity (sentence length and sentence structure) on sentence repetition performance and intelligibility between specific language impairment (SLI) and normal children. Thirteen SLI children and twenty-six normal children, matched by 3 years of language, participated in this study. The sentence repetition performance of the subjects were analyzed based on the sentence length (3-word simple sentences and 5-word simple sentences) and sentence structure (5-word simple sentences, 5-word conjoined complex sentences, and 5-word embedded complex sentences). The results of this study indicated the sentence structure influenced sentence repetition performance and intelligibility of SLI children only. The implication of these findings were discussed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.505-511
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic of the length of sentence of sports news articles compared with other sections, other newspaper and sports events. In order to achieve this purpose, 4 daily newspapers(Chosun Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, Kyunghyang Shinmun and MKsports) were selected as research sources. The length of sentence of collected articles was analyzed by One way ANOVA and Scheffe as post-hoc. The results of these analyses are summarized into three as follows: First, the length of sentence of news articles has significant difference by sections. To put it concretely, the sentences in politics section were the longest, and then economy, editorials comes. The sports section has the shortest sentences. Second, the length of sports articles has significant difference by newspapers. In particular, MK sports which is a sports-oriented newspaper has the shortest in the length of sentence of sports articles than other newspapers such as Chosun, Dong-A and Kyunghyang. Third, the length of sentence of sports articles has significant differences by the sports events. More specifically golf is the longest, and then basketball, soccer and baseball follows.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

This study examined the foreign accent of Korean speakers of English concerning vowel length and utterance position. It then attempts to explain the foreign accent of Koreans when they speak English. The method was to measure the sentence-initial and sentence-final vowels as spoken by Koreans. I chose these two positions, sentence-initial and sentence-final, in order to know if Korean speakers of English, compared with native English speakers, show a difference in sentence stress. I chose English diphthongs, because most Koreans have difficulty pronouncing these sounds. I found that Korean speakers of English as a second language do not know English sentence stress patterns and show a foreign accent, especially when using diphthongs.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 2022

This study aims to clarify the prosodic differences in speech types by examining the Korean read speech and spontaneous speech in the Korean part of the L2 Korean Speech Corpus (speech corpus for Korean as a foreign language). To this end, the articulation length, articulation speed, pause length and frequency, and the average fundamental frequency values of sentences were set as variables and analyzed via statistical methodologies (t-test, correlation analysis, and regression analysis). The results found that read speech and spontaneous speech were structurally different in the form of prosodic phrases constituting each sentence and that the prosodic elements differentiating each speech type were articulation length, pause length, and pause frequency. The statistical results show that the correlation between articulation speed and articulation length was highest in read speech, explaining that the longer a given sentence is, the faster the speaker speaks. In spontaneous speech, however, the relationship between the articulation length and the pause frequency in a sentence was high. Overall, spontaneous speech produces more pauses because short intonation phrases are continuously built to make a sentence, and as a result, the sentence gets lengthened.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2021

The exiting word embedding methodology such as word2vec represents words, which only occur in the raw training corpus, as a fixed-length vector into a continuous vector space, so when mapping the words incorporated in the raw training corpus into a fixed-length vector in morphologically rich language, out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem often happens. Even for sentence embedding, when representing the meaning of a sentence as a fixed-length vector by synthesizing word vectors constituting a sentence, OOV words make it challenging to meaningfully represent a sentence into a fixed-length vector. In particular, since the agglutinative language, the Korean has a morphological characteristic to integrate lexical morpheme and grammatical morpheme, handling OOV words is an important factor in improving performance. In this paper, we propose parallel Tri-LSTM sentence embedding that is robust to the OOV problem by extending utilizing the morphological information of words into sentence-level. As a result of the sentiment analysis task with corpus in Korean, we empirically found that the character unit is better than the morpheme unit as an embedding unit for Korean sentence embedding. We achieved 86.17% accuracy on the sentiment analysis task with the parallel bidirectional Tri-LSTM sentence encoder.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 1997

This thesis describes pronunciation differences of vowel lengths between Koreans and Americans speaking English words and sentences. This study also analizes the reasons for these differences with the help of acoustic instruments. Sixteen sentences and eight words were selected as the experimental material. The informants for this study were 9 males; 3 Americans and 6 Koreans, who were asked to pronounce the test words and sentences five times. In this study, the acoustical analysis to measure duration was done through computer digital techniques. According to the results of the experiment, duration of 8 English vowels pronounced between Koreans and Americans shows very different features. When Koreans pronounce English vowels, the duration of the stressed vowel in the sentence-final position is much shorter than in other positions, such as in the sentence-initial and in word position. On the contrary, when Americans pronounce English vowels, the duration of the stressed vowel in the sentence-final position is much longer than in other positions. If the correlation between length and stress were to be studied in a more detailed manner, it would give fundamental help to the study of relation between stress and length.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.549-557
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• 2014

In this study, the readability of the texts in the third and the sixth grade science textbooks developed under the 2007 revised science curriculum were analyzed in terms of word and sentence units. In the word unit analyses, the levels of the words in the texts were classified into four categories, 1st to 4th levels. In the sentence unit analyses, the sentences in the texts were classified either a simple sentence or compound/complex sentences, and the average length of the sentences was also calculated. The results indicated that more than 90 percents of the words in the 2007 revised science textbooks were classified as the 1st to the 3rd levels. However, both the kinds and the frequencies of the words in the 2007 revised science textbooks were increased in comparison of those in the 7th science textbooks. In particular, it was found that the increasement in the 3rd grade science textbook was noticeable. The ratio of the compound/complex sentences in the 2007 revised science textbooks were increased in comparison of those in the 7th science textbooks. The average length of the sentences in the 2007 revised science textbooks was also increased.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 2021

According to Demand and Capacity Model (DCM), external and internal environments influence the disfluency of children who stutter (CWS). This study investigated the effects of simultaneous changes in motoric and linguistic demands on CWS and children who do not stutter (CWNS). Participants were 4-6 years old CWS and CWNS. A sentence imitation task with changes in speech rate, utterance length, and sentence complexity was used to examine their effects on children's disfluency. When the utterance length changed, CWS showed more disfluency regardless of utterance length and as the speech rate changed, CWS showed more disfluency at fast speech rate than CWNS. When the utterance length and speech rate changed, at fast speech rate, CWS showed more disfluency in both utterances than CWNS. When sentence complexity changed, CWS showed more disfluency than CWNS in complex sentences. Changes in linguistic elements such as speech rate, utterance length, and sentence complexity affect disfluency in CWS, especially when they were exposed to faster, longer, and more complex sentences. This indicates that CWS are vulnerable to fast and complex speech motor control and language processing ability than CWNS. Thus, this study suggests that parents and therapists consider both the speech rate and the utterance length when talking with CWS.