• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2012

To determine the status of Korean molluscs infection and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula, references were reviewed. Wild animals serve as intermediate, reservoirs and paratenic hosts to zoonotic parasites of human beings. Trematode are common parasites of molluscs and almost all trematodes infect mollusks as the first host in the life cycle, and most have a complex life cycle involving other hosts. The significance of auxiliary hosts to the ecology of the parasite has not been proper discussion. There is increasing concern as to the impact of climate change on the epidermiology of many parasitic diseases. A total of 21 species for snail transmitted parasites from Korean molluscs has been reviewed. Among them, 15 species was aquatic mollusks and 6 species for marine mollusks. Maximum infections belonged to Semisulcospira livertina had 11 kind of parasite pathogenic organisms, including Paragonimus westermani, Metagonimus yokogawai, Centrocestus armatus, Notocotylus magniovatus, Centrocestus formosanus, incerte cercaria, nipponensis cercaria, Yoshidae cercaria, cristata cercaria, innominatum cercaria and Metagonimus sp. And 11 in Parafossarulus manchouricus including Clonorchis sinensis, Asymphylodora japonica, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Exorchis oviformis, Notocotylus attenuatus, Echinochasmus japonicus, Loxogenes liberum, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type I, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type II, Furcocercus cercariae (Family Sanguincolidae) and Cercaria of Mucobucaris, 10 in Semisulcospira sp. including Paragonimus westermani, Metagonimus yokogawai, Centrocestus armatus, Echinochasmus redioduplicatus, Notocotylus magniovatus, Cercaria incerte, Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria yoshidae, paludinarum cercaria and Metagonimus sp., 7 in Koreanomelania globus including Pseudexorchis major, Cercaria of parapleurolophocercous type, Metagonimus sp. (A & B), Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria inserta and Cercaria yoshidae. Also, Tapes philippinarum have 3 pathogenic organisms including Cercariae tapidis, Cercariae furcocercus and Parvatrema sp. In particular, under climatic extremes such as floods and drought, aquatic molluscs may play a more prominent role in parasite transmission in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.498-506
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the restorative effect of Semisulcospira libertina extract, on damaged liver cells induced by D-galactosamine in rats. Treatment of damaged liver cells with S. libertina extract significantly reduced local fatty degeneration, and inflammatory cell necrosis, to levels similar with the undamaged control group. In addition, S. libertina extracts were found to reduce plasma levels of liver damage indicator enzymes, such as AST, ALT, LDH and ALP, to control levels. It also reduced lipid peroxides, and lipid contents within damaged liver tissues. This suggests that S. libertina extract has a restorative effect on liver cells, thus reducing release of damage-associated liver enzymes, and oxidative degradation of lipids. Also, S. libertina extracts were found to be involved in recovery of damaged cells from inflammatory response by suppressing expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, which leads to tissue injury and necrosis, whereas inducing expression of HO-1 that protects cells during inflammation. Thus, S. libertina extract restores liver tissue from necrosis and fibrosis, as well modulates expression of inflammation-related genes against liver damage. Our findings suggest that S. libertina extract is an effective medicinal resource, for improving and recovering liver cells from hepatic injury.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2001

Relative growth and composition of larval development stages in brood pouch of the melania snail, Semisulcospira libertina libertina were investigated based on monthly field samples for a year. Total number of specimens examined was 1,200. Size values (mean$\pm$S. D.) of shell height (SH), shell diameter (SD), total weight (TW), meat weight (MW) and shell weight (SW) were $15.96\pm3.41\;mm$, $7.82\pm1.38\;mm$, $0.55\pm0.31\;g$, $0.24\pm0.15\;g$ and $0.39\pm0.23\;g$, respectively, Water temperature (WT) of the sampling site varied from $1.3^{\circ}C\;to\;22.5^{\circ}C$. Relative growth equations among SH, SD, TW, MW and SW of S. libertina libertina specimens pooled were as follows: SD=0,3583SH+2.1648 $(R^2=0.8391)$, $TW=0.0005SH^{2.4853}\;(R^2=0.8391)$,$MW:\;0.0005SH^{2.849}\;(R^2= 0.8391)$ and $SW=0.0004SH^{2.3798}\;(R^2=0.7057)$. Female S. libertina libertina had larvae in its brood pouch throughout the year, Average number of larvae in the brood pouch varied from $91\pm33(July)$ to $396\pm174\;(November)$, decreasing in spring and increasing in autumn. In the monthly composition of larval stage in the brood pouch, trochophore, pre-veliger, veliger and juvenile showed maximum as $66.7\%$ in May, $70.7\%$ in November, $60.9\%$ in February and $13.9\%$ in January, respectively. Percent composition of the juveniles decreased in spring and autumn. In conclusion, S. libertina libertina is likely to have two main parturition periods, March to May and September and October.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 1983

The Jinyang Lake is dammed up Nam River, and surrounded by Jinju city and four counties; Jinyang, Sanchong, Hading, and Sachon in kyongsang-Nam-Bo, Korea. The areas around this man-made lake have been known as an endemic focus of clonorchiasis in Korea. The present study was first aimed to know the distribution of freshwater mollusks including medically important snails, and larval trematodes shed from Parafossarulus manchouricus and Semisulcospira libertina. In addition to above studies, water analyses in each snail habitat were carried out in order to figure out a part of their environmental factors. This malaco-ecological survey was done at the sirs areas around upper, middle and lower parts of the lake for 4 months, August-November, 1983. Total nine species of freshwater mollusks were collected throughout the study: 4 species of gastropods: Semisulcospira libertina, Cipangopaludina chinensis, Parafossarulus manchouricus and Radin auricularia, and 5 species of bit.alves; Unio dcuglasiae, Ancdonta woodiana, Lamprotula gottschei, Corbicula yuminea and Limncperma lucustris. Out of nine species of freshwater mollusks, three species of gastropods; S. Zibertina, p. manchouricus and R. auricularia were medically important in terms of the transmission of digenetic trematodes to humans. P. manchouricus and R. auricularia were mainly collected from the shallow ponds and the irrigation channels with the muddy basin, but S. libertine and the bivalves were only collected from the stream of Nam River where the gravels and rocks were dominant. The levels of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and biochemical oxygen demand \(B.O.D._5)\ of the water specimens sampled from the study areas ranged from 6.0 to 9.6 ppm and from 0.4 to 1.6 ppm respectively. As a result, it is considered that water system around the Jinyang Lake might be relatively clean without any heavy pollution of aquatic microorganisms and organic materials during the period of this study. On the other hand, eight metalic constituents from the water samples were also assayed, and all metalic ions detected were remarkably low below the legal criteria. However, calcium ion in the water samples from the habitats of P. manchouricus was considerably higher than others. Infection rates of digenetic trematodes in the snails were 6.9% in P. manchouricus and 4.8% in S. libertine, respectively. P. manchouricus snails harboring with thc cercariae of Clonorchis sinensis were only 0.14% among the snails examined, and other trematode cercariae except cercaria of C. sinensis were: furcocercus cercariae, cercaria of Loxogenes liberum type I and II. S. libertine snails parasitized with the cercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai were 1, 5% out of the snails examined, and no cercaria of Paragonimus westermani was found in S. libertine snails in the present study. Digenetic trematode cercariae other than M. yokogawai observed in S. libertina snails were: Cercaria yoshidae (B type) , Cercaria cristata, Cercaria innominatum, Cercaria of Centrocestus formosanus and Cercaria nipponensis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.289-290
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• 2001

다슬기는 강, 호수, 연못 및 계곡 등에서 서식하며, 우리나라를 비롯하여 일본, 중국 및 대만에 널리 분포되어 있다. 이중 곳체다슬기 (S. gottschei)는 복족강, 중복족목, 다슬기과, 다슬기속으로 분류되며, 자웅이체로 난태생이다. 최근 다슬기의 자원량이 해마다 줄어들고 있는 실정임에 따라, 업계에서는 다슬기 양식을 검토중이나, 이에 대한 기반지식의 부족으로 양식기술이 개발되지 못하고 있다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.279-280
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• 2001

다슬기는 복족강(Castropoda), 중복족목(Mesogastropoda), 다슬기과(Pleuroceridae), 다슬기속으로 분류되는 담수권 패류로 한국을 비롯하여 일본, 대인 중국 등에 널리 분포되어 있으며 우리 나라에는 2속 9증이 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이들은 자웅이체이며 난생 또는 난태생을 한다. 다슬기는 전국에 걸쳐 강, 호수, 관개수로, 세천 등 수류가 빠르고 수심이 말은 계류에서 서식한다. 다슬기는 다슬기방, 다슬기엑기스 등의 식용 및 건강보조제로 이용되고 있는 유용 수산자원으로서 개발 가치가 매우 높으나 그 자원량 조차도 조사되지 않은 실정이다. (중략)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.689-699
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• 2018

The changes on community structures of benthic macroinvertebrates, relevance to the environment and interrelationship between benthos were studied over two years in stream with large environmental disturbance, which caused by localized heavy rain during Typhoon Chaba in October 2016. As a result, the number of species and individuals were increased after localized heavy rain, especially numbers of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were greatly increased. On the contrary, those of Semisulcospira libertina and Semisulcospira forticosta of Mesogastropoda were greatly decreased. Dominant species was Baetis fuscatus of Ephemeroptera, numbers of species and individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera(EPT group) were dramatically increased from 26 species, 110 individuals to 32 species, 365 individuals respectively. This suggests that the change of river bed and flow velocity due to heavy rain provided a suitable environment for the EPT group that preferred the rift of a stream. In the functional feeding group, only gathering collectors and filtering collectors were identified in autumn of 2017 because some functional groups preferentially adapted to the changed environment. The interspecific competition and environmental condition were the worst in autumn after heavy rain due to the increase individuals of some species. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) was higher after the heavy rain than before. Results of the Group Pollution Index(GPI), Korean Saprobic Index(KSI) and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index(BMI) were similar to those before and after heavy rainfall. Therefore, ESB was the most discriminating method for estimating the biological water quality in this study. Some species that are sensitive to water quality changes still appear or increase individuals in the area under investigation after the heavy rain. On the other hand, the individuals of some pollutant species decreased. This is thought to be because the habitat fluctuation caused by heavy rainfall has improved the water environment.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on survival, growth anc body composition of snail (Semisu1cospira gottschei). Three replicate groups of snail (average weighing 152mg) were fed the diets containing different lipid sources such as lauric acid (LA), squid liver oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), corn oil (CO), SO+ LO, SO+CO, LO+CO and SO+LO+CO for 8 weeks. Survival was not affected by dietary lipid sources (p>0.05). Weight gain of snail fed the SO, SO+LO and SO+LO+CO diets was significantly higher than that of snail fed the LA and LO diets (P<0.05), and the lowest weight gain was observed in snail fed the LA diet (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in crude lipid content of edible portion in snail fed the different diets (P>0.005). Contents of 12:0, 18:2n­6, 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3 from snail fed the LA, CO, LO and SO diets were higher than those from snail fed the other diets, respectively (p<0.05). The highest 22:6n-3 content was observed in snail fed the SO+ LO but was not significantly different from that of snail fed the SO, SO+CO and SO+LO+CO diets (p>0.05). The n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6 contents of snail were not affected by dietary lipid sources (p>0.05). These results suggested that squid liver oil and mixture of squid liver oil and linseed and/or corn oil are good dietary lipid sources for the normal growth of snail. However lauric acid may not be a good lipid source for snail diet.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.318-325
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• 2017

Alcoholic steatosis is a fundamental metabolic disorder and may precede the onset of more severe forms of alcoholic liver disease. In this study, we isolated enzymatichydrolysate from Semisulcospira libertine by alcalase hydrolysis and investigated the protective effect of Semisulcospira libertine hydrolysate on liver injury induced by alcohol in the mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (NIAAA). In an in vitro study, the hydrolysate protects HepG2 cells from ethanol toxicity. Liver damage was assessed by histopathological examination, as well as by quantitating activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). After the administration of S. libertina hydrolysate, fat accumulation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver tissues were significantly decreased in the NIAAA mouse model. The elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities, along with the lipid contents of a damaged liver, were recovered in experimental mice administrated with S. libertina hydrolysate, suggesting its role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged liver tissues. Moreover, treatment with S. libertine hydrolysate reduced the expression rate of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6, which accelerate inflammation and induces tissue damage. All data showed that S. libertine hydrolysate has a preventive role against alcohol-induced liver damages by improving the activities of blood enzymes and modulating the expression of inflammation factor, suggesting S. libertine hydrolysate could be a commercially potential material for the restoration of hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1987

The study on shellfish fauna around eleven artificial lakes was carried out from April to September in 1986. The identified shellfishes in total surveyed area are composed of 13 species, 6 families, 4 orders, 2 classes and among them, the dominant species was Semisulcospira forticosta. Corbicula japonica which had been inhabited in Paltangho was collected in Chunchonho and Uiamho in this study. Consequently, the distributional area was gone up north. Especially, Radix auricularia, Parafossarulus manchuricus and Austropeplea ollula were collected in Paltangho and Uiamho are indicators of $\alpha$-mesosaprobe. Therefore it is necessary the countermearsure on management of water quality for the security of the source of water supply.