• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2017

To investigate the control effect of insect pests by natural enemies, sticky traps were used in commercial tomato greenhouses in Chun-cheon and the experiment fields of Gangwon-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Republic of Korea using semi-forcing culture (February to June). We selected low toxicity pesticides, environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), and natural enemies of the study species, combinations of which have been previously used in farms to control insect pests. In this study, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and thrips, which are major agricultural insect pests, were studied in experimental greenhouses. The adult T. vaporariorum population was observed in mid-April and the population of thrips showed occurrences in early April. Regarding seasonal fluctuation, T. vaporariorum peaked in mid-May and thrips peaked after June. one insecticide, spiromesifen suspension concentrate (SC); one fungicide, cyazofamid SC; and two EFAMs containing neem tree extract were shown to be slightly toxic to Encarsia formosa and Orius laevigatus. The results of this study could be used to develop management models using natural enemies of control the insect pests; T. vaporariorum and thrips in semi-forcing culture of tomato.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.488-494
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• 2001

Seedlings of strawberry, 'Reiko' were planted in plastic pots of 24 cm in diameter in the middle of September in 1995, 1996, and 1997. Ten plants were transferred to greenhouse with artificial illumination at 5-day interval from late September to late January. The deepest dormancy of 'Reiko' in Daegu area was found to be on November 5, October 25, and October 31 in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. The time for moving plants to make the plants grow in semi-dormant state in the greenhouse occurred between Nov. 10 and Nov. 20 in both 1995 and 1996, and between Nov. 10 and Nov. 30 in 1997. The time passing approximately 100-200 cumulative hours of exposure to below $5^{\circ}C$ canopy temperature from the peak dormancy, which is required for breaking dormancy of 'Reiko', was between November 16 and 25 in 1996, and November 24 and December 5 in 1997. 'Reiko' yielded high every year when seedlings were moved into greenhouse during the period of October to November. The plants gave good response to forcing culture under lighting. The right time for moving plants into greenhouse in semi-forcing culture appeared to be the time passing 50-150 cumulative hours of exposure to below $5^{\circ}C$ canopy temperature from the peak dormancy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.140-145
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• 2001

고추 및 토마토의 반촉성 재배시 시설내 공중습도는 매우 중요한데, 건조하면 생육과 결실률이 나빠지고 또한 흰가루병의 발생이 많아진다. 그러나 시설내 고추 및 토마토 재배시 지온과 토양 수분을 높이기 위하여 비닐 멀칭을 하는 경우가 많은데 멀칭을 하면 공중습도가 낮아지기 때문에 고추의 생육이 떨어지는 경향이 있다. 양액재배온실의 경우 반촉성 재배시기인 3∼4월에 시설내 상대습도가 30% 전후로 낮아져 작물의 생육이 저하된다. (중략)

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-73
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• 2007

Field disease incidences of squash virus diseases in Jeonnam province were estimated to be 76.1% and of delayed planting on August-September (retarding culture) and on February-March (semi-forcing culture) on glass house were 55.0% and 0%, respectively, in 2000. Disease incidences of individual squash plant within a field were 100% and 3.6%, respectively, in wild culture and retarding culture. Total of 61 samples suspected to be infected with viruses were collected in 2000 and tested by RT-PCR using specific oligonulceotide primer sets designed for the detection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus (KGMMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Each specific primer set for WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV amplified expected size of DNA fragments from 16, 10, and 2 samples in wild culture, respectively. Double or triple infection were observed in 7 samples tested. In contrast, each specific primer set for WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV confirmed virus infection from 7, 6, and 6 samples, respectively, in samples collected from semi-forcing culture. Double infection of WMV and PRSV was observed in only one sample. However, no DNA fragment was amplified from RT-PCR using CGMMV, KGMMV, and CMV specific oligonucleotide primer sets indicating no CGMMV, KGMMV, or CMV infection in squash fields in Jeonnam province in 2000.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2013

The use of subsurface drip fertigation using slurry composting bio-filtration (SCB) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer source can be beneficial to improve fertilizer management decision. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of SCB liquid fertilizer by subsurface drip fertigation on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield and soil nitrogen (N) distribution under greenhouse condition. Cucumber in greenhouse was transplanted on April $4^{th}$ and Aug $31^{st}$ in 2012. N sources were SCB and urea. Four N treatments with 3 replications consisted of control (No N fertilizer), SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N (50:50 split application), SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N. 100% of N recommendation rate from soil testing was denoted as 1.0N. The subsurface drip line and a tensiometer were installed at 30 cm soil depth. An irrigation was automatically started when the tensiometer reading was -15 kPa. The growth of cucumber at 85 days after transplanting was 5% higher in all N treatment than control. Semi-forcing culture produced more fruit yield than retarding culture. Fruit yields were 62.2, 76.3, 76.4, and 75.1 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. Although fruit yields were similar under SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, 176 kg K $ha^{-1}$ can be over applied if cucumber is grown twice a year under SCB 1.0N that may result in K accumulation in soil. N uptake was 172, 209, 213, 207 kg $ha^{-1}$ for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. N use efficiency was the highest (37%) at SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N under semi-forcing culture. Nitrate-N concentration in soil for all N treatments except control in semi-forcing culture was the highest between 15 and 30 cm soil depth at the 85 days after transplanting and between 0 and 15 cm soil depth after cucumber harvest. These results suggested that SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N can be used as an alternative N management for cucumber production in greenhouse if K accumulation is concerned.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate fertigation effects of pig slurry (PS) and chemical fertilizer (CF) in cucumber by investigating the growth and yield, nutrient content and uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and soil characteristics in greenhouse cultivation. The cropping patterns of cucumber were semi-forcing culture and retarding culture, and the experiment involves four treatments: No fertilizer (NF), $26mg\;L^{-1}$ and $52mg\;L^{-1}$ of N application by slurry composting biofiltration liquefied fertilizer (SCBLF), and $52mg\;L^{-1}$ of N treatment by chemical fertilizer. The difference on the plant height of cucumber between SCBLF and CF treatments was no significant, but fresh weight and dry weight of stem and root were higher in $26mg\;L^{-1}$ SCBLF treatment. The Ca content of the leaf was lower in the treatments of SCBLF and the K content of the root was lower in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment. The Ca content of the stem was lowest in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment and the mineral content of the fruit showed no significant difference. In case of semi-forcing culture, the gross yield was lower in the $52mg\;L^{-1}$ CF treatment and the yield of unmarketable fruit was lower in the SCBLF treatments. The nutrient use efficiency of cucumber is as follows: K (8.3 ~ 30.9%), N (4.2 ~ 13.0%), P (1.9 ~ 2.0%). The SCBLF treatments showed higher figure in the soil pH than that of the CF treatment, while EC and the content of $NO_3$-N were higher in the CF treatment than the former. The content of exchangeable K was higher in the plot treated with $52mg\;L^{-1}$ SCBLF, and there were no significant differences in the content of Ca and Mg between the treatments. In conclusion, it is suggested that the application of liquefied manure made from pig slurry may be able to replace the use of chemical fertilizer in nitrogen and potassium.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The fruiting habit pattern of white-spine cucumber, whose fruits are usually borne on the lateral branches, is different from domestic ones. The cucumber production far export has been focused on how to promote lateral shooting and how to increase the number of lateral branches. As the growing season of the exporting cucumber is confined to winter season, low temperature and weak light are limiting factors to lateral shooting. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of growth regulator for induction of lateral shoot in white-spine cucumber. foliar application of growth regulator were focused on concentration and application time based on number of leaves. The visible damages were observed in applied leaves by $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA(benzyladenine) in retarding culture, but no significant by $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA in case of semi-forcing culture. The number of available lateral shoots were greater in applied plant with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA than that of $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, in applied plants at 10th and 15th loaves than that of applied plants at 5th leaves.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.683-689
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• 2012

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of installation spacing of subsurface drip irrigation pipe on the mineral content, nutrient uptake, yield of lettuce, water requirement for irrigation, and soil chemical properties in greenhouse cultivation. Semi-forcing and retarding culture were implemented in this experiment, with four treatments containing overhead spray irrigation and three subsurface irrigation lateral spacing intervals of 30, 40, 50 cm at a depth of 30 cm from soil surface, respectively. Each mineral content of lettuce grown under subirrigation system did not show significant difference between treatments, however the uptake of nutrients was lower at 50 cm-distance. The yield was largest in 30 cm-subirrigation (SI), followed by 40 cm-SI, overhead spray, and 50 cm-treatment. Water requirement for irrigation was highest in overhead spray, and it was in reverse proportion to the distance of irrigation pipes. $NO_3$-N content in the soil, at a depth of 10 cm, showed a higher value in 50 cm-SI, followed by 40 cm-SI, overhead spray and 30 cm-SI. Exchangeable K content was highest in 50 cm-SI, Mg was highest in 40 cm-SI, and Ca was lowest in 30 cm-SI. In conclusion, the lettuce yield was not different between 30 and 40 cm-SI, but water requirement for irrigation was lower as the distance of irrigation pipes was further. And it seems to be needed more precise research on this theme, because crop yield and the dynamics of soil minerals in subsurface irrigation can vary with the depth and distance of irrigation pipes, dripper, water flow depending on the soil texture, and plant response to soil minerals.