• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.79-94
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation clinics for soldiers in the Korean armed forces. In so doing it attempted to identify the predictors of smoking cessation and positive transition of stages of change. Methods: In a single-group pre-post test study design, 5,362 smokers from Korean armed forces participated in the smoking cessation clinic programs based on both the Transtheoretical model and life skills approaches. Changes in stages of change and related variables were measured before the intervention and at 3-month follow-up after the intervention. Results: The cessation rates was 66.0% at 3-month follow-up. With the positive transition to action/maintain stage, proportion of participants in action/maintain stage increased more than 5 times after the intervention. Cons of smoking, self-efficacy, processes of change, and life skills increased, and pros of smoking decreased after the intervention. Predictors of smoking cessation included nicotine dependency, pros of smoking, high levels of self-efficacy, processes of change and life skills. Positive stage transition was predicted by pros of smoking and high self-efficacy. Conclusions: Application of the Transtheoretical model and life skills approaches provided useful strategies for a smoking cessation program in armed forces.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10783-10786
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• 2015

Background: Smoking remains the major preventable cause of death worldwide, especially cancer-related death. Evidence clearly indicates that tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is reduced by smoking cessation. Pharmacists are well-positioned to provide tobacco cessation services an involvement of pharmacists in smoking cessation is encouraged by several organizations. While Indonesia's prevalence of smoking is in the first rank in Asian countries, none of the pharmacy schools in Indonesia are currently offering tobacco-related courses in their existing curricula at present. Our study aimed to develop and to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco education (TE) for pharmacy students in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A 6-hour TE was developed and evaluated using pre-test/post-test with control group design. A total of 137 fifth-year pharmacy students at Gadjah Mada University (GMU), Yogyakarta, were chosen as an intervention group while a total of 105 fifth-year students of Islamic University of Indonesia, (UII) served as the control group. Knowledge, perceived-role, self-efficacy, and ability to perform counseling using the 5A's framework were evaluated. Results: A significant improvement (P < 0.001) in knowledge, perceived-role, and self-efficacy was found in the intervention group but not in the control group. In addition, we revealed that 89.7% of the intervention group were able to perform counseling using 5A's. Conclusions: The developed TE significantly improved student knowledge, perceived-rolse, self-efficacy, and created an ability to perform cessation counseling. Integration of TE education in curricula of Indonesian pharmacy schools nation-wide should be encouraged.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.248-254
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• 2003

Objective : This study was conducted in order to investigate predictors of smoking cessation in outpatients. Method : Subjects were 40f adult smoking patients who saw their doctors in the outpatient setting at a university hospital, regardless of their willingness of otherwise in smoking cessation. Physicians delivered a brief, stop smoking prompt to all patients who smoked one or more cigarettes a day. Then they referred to on-site counselors who provided a brief, nurse assisted intervention with a survey to a randomly assigned intervention group (200 smoking patients), whom the counselors telephoned later to prevent relapse or promote the motivation to quit, or gave only a survey to a control group (201 smoking patients). After at least 5 months, self-reported current smoking cessation was confirmed later using cut-off values of 7 ppm or less in expired alveolar air after breath holding portable CO analyzer. Results : After 5 months, subjects in the intervention group were 1.56 times (95% C.I. 0.89-2.73) more likely to quit smoking than those in the non-intervention group (14.0% vs. 9.0%). Willingness to quit smoking in a month, scheduled admission in a month, self efficacy score and FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) score were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, previous attempts to quit smoking were significant instead of self efficacy score. In the intervention group who had willingness to quit smoking in a month (132 smoking patients), FTND score, whether quit date was today, and whether quit promise paper was submitting were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, scheduled admission in a month and whether quit date was today were significant predictor variables, Smoking cessation treatment should be tailored to individual smoking patients considering these predictors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the stages of change in smoking cessation behavior and factors associated with the stages of smoking cessation behavior according to the trans-theoretical model. Methods: The subjects were 154 industrial workers working at H Industry in N City, Chonnam Province who were currently smoking and had smoked in the past. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test using SAS Version 10.0. Results: The subjects were distributed among the stages of change in smoking cessation behavior: there were 28 subjects (18.2%) in the precontemplation stage, 71 (46.1%) in the contemplation stage, 21 (13.6%) in the preparation stage, 8 (5.2%) in the action stage, and 26 (16.9%) in the maintenance stage. The amount of smoking per day, self-efficacy, and advantages (pros) of smoking were significantly associated with the stage of change in smoking cessation behavior. Conclusion: This study suggested that the stage of change in smoking cessation behavior of the subject should be identified prior to the application of intervention programs, nursing intervention strategies should be considered to reduce the amount of smoking per day, and the disadvantages of smoking should be perceived.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to explore the differences of Korean and Chinese university students for developing smoking cessation program. Methods: The Data was collected from 120 Korean, 103 Chinese undergraduate students by using structured questionnaire from 1st April to 31st July, 2012. Results: The necessity of smoking cessation training was found that there were differences between two groups, showing that 60% of Korean university students and 35% of Chinese university studying in Korea were award of the necessity. For the score of smoking knowledge, there were significant differences between two groups, showing 13.60 from Korean students and 14.63 from Chinese students, but there were no differences towards Smoking attitude, self-efficacy related to smoking cessation, and Nicotine dependency. On the other hand, there were no significant differences toward demand of overall smoking cessation training between Korean and Chinese students, showing 43.4 and 45.1 scores in each group. Conclusion: The results of this study would be helpful to develop smoking cessation programs and health promotion strategies for both Korean and Chinese university students.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.391-402
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify predictors of the stage of change for smoking cessation of male university students on the basis of the Transtheoretical model (TTM). Methods: The 388 current smokers or exsmokers who agreed to participate were recruited from three areas in Korea from August 2 to September 5, 2006. Data was analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. Results: Most subjects (76.8%) were current smokers. According to stages of change, there were statistically significant differences in self efficacy, smoking temptation, decisional balance (cons, pros), and processes of change. The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were behavioral and experiential processes. The predictors of transition from preparation to action were pros of smoking and experiential process. The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were cons of smoking and behavioral process. Conclusion: Specific nursing interventions based on stages of change need to be developed for smoking cessation of male university students.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.640-647
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of smoking cessation education using the transtheoretical model on the process of change, smoking temptation, decisional balance and stage change transition. Methods: A nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used for this study. The study population was 44 male college students in the experimental group and 66 students in the control group. Smoking cessation education was administered to the experimental group at one university. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and ANCOVA were used with the SPSS 19.0 program to analyze the data. Results: After providing a smoking cessation program, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores for self-efficacy for smoking cessation, process of change, and a lower score in decisional balance for pros of smoking and nicotine dependancy compared to the control group two weeks after the pre-test. However, no significant differences were found at four weeks after the pre-test. Conclusion: The findings indicate that this program could have a positive effect on process of change, decisional balance and stage transition for college student smokers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.557-567
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to identify effects of a smoking cessation program including telephone counseling and text messaging using stages of change for outpatients who have had a myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest. The participants were 48 outpatients (experimental group=24, control group=24) recruited from one university hospital. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a) an experimental group with telephone counseling (once a week) and text messaging (five times a week) using stages of change, and (b) a control group with traditional telephone counseling (once a month). Efficacy of the intervention was measured by comparing the two groups on smoking-related variables at 3 weeks and 12 weeks. Results: At the 3-week and 12-week measurements, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups on smoking cessation self-efficacy (p<.001), nicotine dependence (p<.001), CO levels (p<.001), and smoking cessation rates (p<.001). Conclusion: The results indicate that the smoking cessation program including telephone counseling and text messaging using stages of change is effective for outpatients after a MI. Further attention should be paid to the intensity of the smoking cessation program and periods for long-term follow-up.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 2004

This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting smoking cessation behavior of the university student smokers for developing the effective smoking cessation program. For this purpose, data were collected from 64 students registrated at the university health center for anti-smoking acupuncture through May, 2003. Data were analyzed with percentile, mean, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation by SPSS/PC program. The results were as follows ; There was significant relationship in the scores on perceived benefits(t=-2.05, p=.045), chance-health locus of control(t=-2.28, p=.026) and nicotine dependence (t=-1.96, p=.056) according to the grade. And also there was significant increase in the nicotine dependence in the higher grades. There were significant positive relationship between external locus of control and perceived benefits(r=.389, p=.001), perceived barriers and benefits(r=.457, p=.000), and significant negative relationship between the daily life activities and perceived barriers(r=-.350, p=.005). From these results, it can be concluded that the effective smoking cessation program could be considered of perceived benefits & barriers, and nicotine dependence to promote anti-smoking behavior for university student smokers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.471-479
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors for smoking middle school students' intention to quit smoking on the basis of the social influence and self-efficacy [ASE] model. Methods: Data were collected from 2,015 students from five middle schools in Daegu with a structured questionnaire in March, 2013 and analyzed by using $x^2$-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: The smoking rate was 6.1% among the total subjects and 85.4% of the smokers had intention to quit smoking. The mean value of attitude toward quitting smoking was $2.15{\pm}0.34$, that of social influence $3.38{\pm}0.65$, and that of self-efficacy $2.84{\pm}0.95$. The multiple regression analysis showed an explanatory power of 24.7%, and experience of trying to quit smoking was the strongest factor affecting the intention to quit smoking (${\beta}$=.34, p<.01), followed by school years and social influence. Conclusion: In order to increase smoking middle school students' intention to quit smoking, intervention strategies are needed to increase positive social influence or to offer public information to younger smoking students in low school years.