• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.933-942
• /
• 1997

There has recently been an increased interest in women's health from, various disciplines, with different perspectives presented according to each profession's academic background. This has led to many instances of incorrectly defining, or misinterpretation, of the issues even among professionals. Nurse scholars as well as practitioners who work in women's health care need to have a clear conceptual understanding of women's health in order to build a body of knowledge, delineate curricular activities, and set directions for professional nursing interventions. In addition, a conceptual model that may be directly utilized in practice is needed to maintain and promote women's health issues. The purpose of this study was to apply a Hybrid model, analyzing conceptual definitions and discussions related to women's health gathered from review of the literature. Further to compare analyticals the concepts and properties observed from field work, so as to present a final definition of women's health and, build a conceptual framework for a united comprehensive perspective on the concept as well as on nursing practice. Data collection and analysis consisted of a theoretical stage, field work stage, and final analysis. A heterogeneous group of professionals and lay persons, 39 in all, participated in the field work. Study findings Include several subconcepts under the concept of women's health : a woman's whole life, holistic health, quality of life, awareness of being a woman, individual nursing, self care ability, reproductive health, and family health. Thus, a comprehensive definition was built, 1. e., "Women's health care be defined as improvement in the quality of life of women through attainment of holistic health throughout the life span. With reproductive health at the core, the concept is directly related to family and national health, and includes taking care of one's own health based on awareness of being a woman and utilizing self care activities. Women's health care issues are unique and allow various responses, therefore women's health professionals need to apply individual approaches to reach solutions in attaining holistic health and improving quality of life." The constructual factors of women's health were found to be reproductive functions, diseases more common in woman, self actualization, mental health, women's health policies, sexuality, midlife changes, and marital relations, with each factor having more than three properties. Positive factors affecting women's health were found to be a normal childbearing process, a healthy lifestyle, active health management, health information, support, and resources, and interpersonal relationships. Negative factors were found to be overwhelming role stress, cultural oppression, gender inequality, distorted sexual identity, economic difficulties, misuse and/or abuse of substances, and stress. The model of women's health may be visualized as a balance scale set upon a woman's life, supporting 4 concentric circles. The innermost circle and second circle incorporate conceptual definitions of women's health, and the outer two circles represent the constructional factors and properties of women's health. Each circle has its own color that symbolizes the conceptual meaning. Positive and negative factors are represented as weights at either end of the scale, and are affected by nursing intervention, i. e., health and wellness increase when positive factors are stronger, whereas disease and illness increase when negative factors are stronger. This model is only a preliminary effort and requires much discussion and testing to be further developed. Continuous research is also required.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.444-453
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to construct a grounded theory as the basis for nursing intervention by describing and analysing the holistic lived experiences of clients receiving long-term hemodialysis. The subjects of this study were fifteen persons receiving regular hemodialysis regimen at artificial kindey treatment centers in two different university hospitals, and who were able to participate in conversation and were available for long and dup interviews. Eight of the subjects were male and seven were female and their ages ranged from 30's to 60's. The length of the hemodialysis experience ranged from two months to six years. The collection and analysis of data were done in accordance with the grounded theory methodology of Strauss & Corbin. The method to collect the data mainly depended. on long and deep interviews, participant observation and focused group interviews and the equipment used to collect data were a portable tape recorder and field notes. The study is summarized as follows : 1. The meaning of holistic lived experiences of clients receiving long -term hemodialysis was found to be uncertainty. which was identified as the core category. 2. The main categories following the core category were found to be shock, ambiguity, social support and quality of life. 3. Through the main category the type of behavior newly formed by clients receiving long-term hemodialysis was found to be as follows. That is to say, in the circumstances of shock caused by the identified fact and the ambiguity of hemodilysis they formed a quality of life based on social support, which was found to be a kind of chaotic phenomenon. 4. The lived experiences of clients receiving long-tern hemodialysis was found to include nine categories : emotional shock, feelings of isolation, burden, unclearness, dependency, help from others, coping strategies, maintenance of self-esteem and transitional life. 5. The intervening factors influencing each category are as follows : 1) The factors influencing 'emetional shock' were found to be set age, the level of knowledge received in advance, locus of control, the period of struggle against the disease before hemodialysis and whether any serious illness existed. 2) The factors influencing 'feelings of isolation' were found to be religion and the length of the hemodialysis experience. 3) The factors influencing 'burden' were found to be sex, economic situation, employment status and the length of the hemodialysis experience. 4) The factors influencing 'unclearness' were found to be sex, age, religion. economic situation, the length of the hemodiaysis experience, whether they had had a transfusion and whether there were any complications. 5) The factors influencing 'help from others' were found to be religion. economic situation, past experiences and whether family members lived together. 6) The factors influencing 'coping strategies' were foung to be age, level of education, experiences of illness and locus of control. 7) The factors influeruing 'maintenance of self-esteem' were found to be the length of the hemodialysis experience and self-actualization. 8) The factors influencing 'transitional life' were found to be age, religion, economic situation, employment status. locus of control. past experiences and whether there was a plan for a kidney transplant.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.314-324
• /
• 2017

In order to consider application and evaluation of value and class of domestic wetland, we investigated 146 wetlands located Gyeongsangnam-do using Rapid Assessment Method (RAM). We utilized Self-Organizing-Map (SOM) to analysis relationship between evaluation index and land coverage ratio surrounding wetland. Among total 8 evaluation index, 'Fish and herptile habitat' and 'Aesthetic value' were higher, most of the wetlands evaluated as 2, 3 grade. Result of SOM analysis, 'vegetation diversity and wild animals habitat' is negatively related to the 'Fish and herptile habitat', because fishs were not prefer habitat excessively occupied by plant. However, high vegetation diversity can be support high score of 'Aesthetic' in wetland. Also, 'Erosion control' and 'Flood storage and control' were closely related, wetlands with high score of 'Erosion control' have high score of 'Flood storage and control'. When applied RAM in domestic wetland, six out of 6 evaluation index induced biased results, the index of RAM need a little change as some new or modify evaluation index. Therefore, we consider to need adjustable, subdivide, and actualization of some evaluation index for application of RAM in domestic wetlands. Consequently, wetland assessment and class using RAM can be utilized as important indicate for conservation and management of wetland, and contributed greatly to maintain biodiversity include to endangered species by preserving remaining wetland.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
• /
• no.31
• /
• pp.33-52
• /
• 2011

This study intends to understand Kobong's thought, especially the problem of Self-cultivation. Kobong, along with Toegye(退溪), is a major figure to understand Confucian ideas of Chosun in the 16th century. There has been a lot of research centered on Kobong's Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情), but not much on the Self-cultivation of Kobong. Confucianism is basically to seek after actualization of Perfect Virtue(仁) and the way to be a sage, through the pursuit of self-discipline(修己 明明德) and social practice(安人 新民). The problems of Confucianism might be summarized as follows: interest and appreciation for the source of existence(知天/事天); harmony in relationships and practices(愛人/愛物); both of the above together. Therefore, Self-cultivation is to change the self, the subject of one's life, through the relationship between man and heaven. Kobong and Toegye had debated for about eight years(1559-1566) over the problem of human nature, especially emotion(情), and virtue and vice(善惡) fundamental position of Toegye is that the difference between Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) can be understood as emotion with qualitative distinction. By contrast, Kobong sees the relationship between Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) as that of total and partial. Discussion on the Four-beginnings(四端) and Seven-emotions(七情) is not restricted within the problem of logical analysis of concepts or theoretical validity, but come to a conclusion with the problem of Self-cultivation(修養). In this sense, Kobong tried to follow Neo-Confucian theory of human nature and self-cultivation, on the assumption of Confucian self-discipline and social practice.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.5-19
• /
• 1998

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to identify the major factors affecting health promoting behaviors. 344 workers who employed in four different manutacturing plants in Taegu and Kyungbuk area were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected from April let to April 18th, 1998 by ready structured questionaires. The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for health promotion theory development and health promotion strategy planning. This study was based on Pender's Health Promotion Model and examined three variables health promoting behavior, self-concept and perceived importance of health. The Life Style and Health Habit Assessment scale(LHHA) developed by Pender(1982).The Self-concept scale developed by Choi(1972) and the Health Value scale developed by Wallston, Maides and Wallston(1980) were used for this study. Data was analyzed by percentage, mean. t-test. ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The major findings of this study are as follows ; 1. The average level of health promoting behavior practice was 63.2% and possible range was from 62 to 248 point. The mean score of respondent's positive self-concept was 75.8. 81.4% of respondents put a high priority on the importance of health. 2. There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of general self care and less amount of working hours per day(P=0.000), less amount of working hours per week(P=0.000). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutrition and age(0.002), marital status(0.000), working hour per day(0.008), working hours per week(0.001), There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutriton and sex(0.000), age(0.000), marital status(0.025), education level(0.000), working hours per day(0.002), working hours per week(0.006). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of sleep and rest and age(0.003), marital status(0.002), working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.001). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of stress management and working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.002). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of self-actualization and working hours per day(0.050). 3. General characteristics influencing the respodent's self-concept were level(P=0.009) and worksite(P=0.001). 4. The results of the hypothesis tests are as follows The first hypothesis, that "The respondent who have more positive self-concept will have higher scores in the practice of health promoting behavior." was supported(r=0.2973, P=0.0001). The second hypothesis that "The respondent who have higher perception level on importance of health will have higher scores in the practice health promoting behavior." was rejected(r=- 0665, P=0.2225). 5. The most important factor that affects health promoting behavior practice was working hours per week(6.0%). The combination of working hours per week, age, education level accounted for 10.0% of the variance in health promoting behavior. In conclusion, the results of this study on industrial workers supported Pender's health promotion model in partial and showed the relatedness between self concept and the practice of health promoting behavior. Further research is required to find factors influencing health promoting behaviors of industrial workers.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.191-199
• /
• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between health perception and health promoting lifestyle with female teacher at elementary school. Method: The survey was carried out on a convenience sample of 757 teachers in B metropolitan city. Data were collected from November to December, 2004, by using the Health Perception Questionnaire and Health promoting lifestyle Profile(HPLP), and analyzed by SPSS program. Result: 1. The score of health perception status was $2.82{\pm}0.24$, and health promoting lifestyle was $2.61{\pm}0.41$. The highest subcategory of health promoting lifestyle was self actualization, and the lowest one was health responsibility. 2. Health perception was significantly correlated with health promoting lifestyle. 3. Health perception was significantly different according to economic status. 4. Health promoting lifestyle was significantly different according to age, career and economic status. Conclusion: This study revealed that the health perception is an important factor related to the health promoting lifestyle of female elementary school teacher. Therefore, helping consciously the health perception and health promoting lifestyle of female elementary school teacher to do their job attainment and at same time it has to be a model to the student's health promoting lifestyle.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 2004

Due to the changes of modern society, alternative types of nuclear family so called as commuting family have appeared. Also, with the increase of women's economic participation and their needs of self-actualization, dual-career commuting family have increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is any difference between the traditional commuting family and dual-career commuting family in terms of family relation, types of child-care and social support. Also, this study qualitatively analysed parenting-guilty of the mothers of commuting family. One eight seven mothers of three to eight year-old participated the survey. The main results were as follows : (1) In case of traditional commuting family, children cohabit with the mother and usually fathers move between two houses. But among the dual-career commuting family, there are some children who cohabit with the father and some mothers who move. Dual-career commuting family relied on the more types of child-care than traditional commuting family. (2) While traditional commuting family get more support for child-rearing from the husband's family of origin than dual-career commuting family, wife's family of origin provide more support to the dual-career commuting family. The more support the husband's family of origin provide, the more stress both types of commuting family experience. However, there was no significant relationship between the support from the wife's family of origin or friends and the stress of the mothers of both types of commuting family. (3) Mothers of two types of commuting families were different regarding the motives of parenting-guilty Difficulty of caring the children for their job as well as father-absentness makes mothers of dual-career commuting family feel parenting-guilty more.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.321-331
• /
• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe perceived family support, life satisfaction, and health promoting behavior (HPB), and to identify factors influencing HPB among the elderly. Method: Study participants were 165 elderly over 65 years of age who were living in C city, Korea. The instruments included the Family Support Scale developed by Kang, Life Satisfaction Scale developed by Choi, Health Promoting Behavior Scale designed by Walker, et al. The data were analyzed using the SAS program by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: 1. The scores for family support ranged from 11 to 55, with a mean score of 41.55. The scores for life satisfaction ranged from 0 to 40, with a mean of 22.02. The scores for HPB ranged from 40 to 160 with a mean score of 98.07. In the sub-dimensions of HPB, the participants showed the highest level of engagement in the nutrition domain, and the lowest level of engagement in the exercise domain. 2. Higher levels of family support and life satisfaction were correlated with more engagement in HPB. 3. The most influencing factor on HPB in the elderly was family support. accounting for 11% of the total variance in HPB. A combination of education level and types of living patterns accounted for 18% of the total variance in HPB. Life satisfaction accounted for 14% of the self-actualization domain, and 5% of the stress management domain, in the sub-dimensions of HPB. Conclusion: Perceived family support was identified as an important factor to predict HPB in the elderly. However, life satisfaction was identified as only partially influencing HPB among the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.3
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 1982

I. Objectives This study was done to analyze and evaluate the attitudes of the working mothers toward the care of infants in group settings. II. Method and Procedures 1. Standardized questionnaire were sent out to look into the following: 1) the attitude of working mothers, who have infants below 4 years of age, regarding their job, care-taker and group settings. 2) the status of taking care of their infants 2. Subjects Women teachers of Seoul and Kyung Ki primary school districts, who have infants below age 4. The selection of these subjects were done by random sampling. III. Results 1. Attitudes regarding their jobs: The first reason for retaining their jobs are for financial reasons; whereas, their intents of self-actualization and contributions to society comes next. 2. The Status of Caretakers 60.7% of the care-takers are family-related members, and 38.3% are not. The educational level of caretakers are as follows, with 19.6% of the caretakers without any formal education, 44% with primary education, and 18.7% having high school education. The reasons for the dissatisfaction by the caretakers are low education, a frequent change of caretaker, and an attitude without affection. The cost of child caring is high, the main reason being the heavy expense spent on the caretakers. 3. Attitudes of care in group settings: 85.9% of the subjects responded with positive reactions for the necessity of having group-settings. The reasons given for the importance of having a group setting are early experience, social interaction with peer group and educational functioning, in addition to protective care. They desire for a family-style care which can raise infants under high quality of care.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.442-451
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived health state, personality, situational barrier, health promoting behavior, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention. Method: This study was designed as a descriptive correlation study. Data were 396 undergraduate students of one university in Chung-Buk. The instruments for this study were the modified health promoting behavior scale developed by Bak, Insuk(1995), and the modified perceived health state scale developed by Im, Meeyoung (1998), the modified personality scale developed by Park, Youngbae(1998), the modified situational barrier scale developed by Im, Meeyoung(1998). Result: The results of this study showed that the mean score for perceived health state 2.72, personality 3.35, situational barrier 2.72 and health promoting behavior 2.67. The health promoting behavior categories, scores for 'sanitary life'(3.08), 'self-actualization and interrelationship'(2.93) were higher than the mean score, whereas scores for 'healthy diet'(2.64), 'rest and sleep'(2.62), 'exercise and stress management'(2.49), and 'diet management' (2.25) were lower than the mean score. This study revealed the negative correlation between perceived health state, personality, situational barrier and health promoting behavior in undergraduate students. Conclusion: Perceived health state accounted for 16% and personality accounted for 21.3% of the variance in health promoting behavior in students. Therefore, health promoting programs that increase health state and personality should be developed to promote health behavior and to diminish situational barrier for students in Korea.