• 한국전자파학회지:전자파기술
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1995

This paper derives the symbol error rate (SER) for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with L-fold selection combining (SC) space diversity in Rayleigh fading channel. No analysis has been reported yet for theoretical SER performance of QAM with SC space diversity in Rayleigh fading channels. The formula is obtained by averaging the symbol error probability of M-ary QAM in an additive white Gaussian noise channel over the distribution of the maximum signal-to-noise ratio among all of the diversity channels. By giving the order of diversity, L, and the number of signal points, M, we have been able to obtain the SER performance of QAM with general SC space diversity. Analytical results show that the probability of error decreases with the order of diversity. We can also see that the incremental diversity gain per additional diversity decreases as the number of branches becomes larger.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2007

교환 다이버시티 방식은 선택 다이버시티 방식보다 성능은 다소 떨어지지만, 안테나 개수와 상관없이 1개의 수신 RF 회로만 사용한다는 장점 때문에 널리 사용되고 있는 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 적응 변조 기능을 갖는 대역 확산 시스템에 안테나 교환 다이버시티(switched diversity) 기술을 적용한 방식을 제안하고, 해당 방식의 평균 비트 전송 속도를 최대로 하는 안테나 교환 임계값을 유도하였다. 그리고 안테나 다이버시티를 사용하지 않는 방식과 선택 다이버시티를 사용하는 방식을 비교 대상으로 하여 제안한 시스템의 성능을 심볼 당 평균 비트 수와 송신 중단 확률 그리고 평균 BER 측면에서 비교하였다. 성능을 비교한 결과, 제안한 방식과 선택 다이버시티를 사용하는 방식은 채널 경로 개수가 증가함에 따라 심볼 당 평균 비트 개수 측면에서 그 격차가 줄어든다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 평균 SNR이 높을 때는 제안한 방식이 갖는 송신 중단 확률이 선택 다이버시티를 사용한 경우보다 다소 높게 나타나지만, 평균 SNR이 낮을 때는 거의 대등한 송신 중단 확률을 갖는다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2011

Coded cooperation that integrates channel coding in cooperative transmission has gained a great deal of interest in wireless relay networks. The performance analysis of coded cooperation protocol with multiple relays is investigated in this paper. We show that the diversity order achieved by the coded cooperation in a multi-relay wireless network is not only dependent on the number of cooperating relays but is also dependent on the code-rate of the system. We derive the code-rate bound, which is required to achieve the full diversity gain of the order of cooperating nodes. The code-rate required to achieve full diversity is a linearly decreasing function of the number of available relays in the network. We show that the instantaneous channel state information (CSI)-based relay selection can effectively alleviate this code-rate bound. Analysis shows that the coded cooperation with instantaneous CSI-based relay selection can achieve the full diversity, for an arbitrary number of relays, with a fixed code-rate. Finally, we develop tight upper bounds for the bit error rate (BER) and frame error rate (FER) of the relay selection based on coded cooperation under a Rayleigh fading environment. The analytical upper bounds are verified with simulation results.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2008

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems can provide significant increments in capacity; however, the capacity of MIMO systems degrades severely when spatial correlation among multipath channels is present. This paper demonstrates that the influence of shadowing on the channel capacity is more substantial than that of multipath fading; therefore, the shadowing effect is actually the dominant impairment. To overcome the composite fading effects, we propose combining macroscopic selection diversity (MSD) schemes with MIMO technology. To analyze the system performance, the capacity outage expression of MIMO-based MSD (MSD-MIMO) systems using a characteristic function is applied. The analytic results show that there are significant improvements when MSD schemes are applied, even for the two-base-station diversity case. It is also observed that the effect of spatial correlation due to multipath fading is almost negligible when multiple base stations cooperatively participate in the mobile communication topology.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

다중 입출력(MIMO : Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) 시스템은 공간 다이버시티 이득과 공간 다중화 이득을 얻을 수 있게 한다. 본 논문에서는 MIMO 시스템에서 데이터 정보와 안테나 선택 기법을 이용한 공간 부호화 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 부호화 이득과 동시에 공간 다이버시티 이득을 얻을 수 있게 한다. BPSK(Binary Phase-Shift Keying) 변조 방식을 사용한 MIMO 시스템에서 BER 성능을 분석하고, 데이터의 편재율에 따라 달라지는 공간 다이버시티 이득을 실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

In this paper, exact closed-form expressions for outage probability and bit error probability (BEP) are presented for multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes in conjunction with cooperative diversity, in which selection combining technique is employed at each node. We have shown that the proposed protocol offers remarkable diversity advantage over direct transmission as well as the conventional DF relaying schemes with the same combining technique. We then investigate the system performance when different diversity schemes are employed. It has been observed that the system performance loss due to selection combining relative to maximal ratio combining is not significant. Simulations are performed to confirm our theoretical analysis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2013

Diverse bacteria are known to colonize plants. However, only a small fraction of that diversity has been evaluated for their biopesticide potential. To date, the criteria for sampling and selection in such bioprospecting endeavors have not been systematically evaluated in terms of the relative amount of diversity they provide for analysis. The present study aimed to enhance the success of bioprospecting efforts by increasing the diversity while removing the genotypic redundancy often present in large collections of bacteria. We developed a multivariate sampling and marker-based selection strategy that significantly increase the diversity of bacteria recovered from plants. In doing so, we quantified the effects of varying sampling intensity, media composition, incubation conditions, plant species, and soil source on the diversity of recovered isolates. Subsequent sequencing and high-throughput phenotypic analyses of a small fraction of the collected isolates revealed that this approach led to the recovery of over a dozen rare and, to date, poorly characterized genera of plant-associated bacteria with significant biopesticide activities. Overall, the sampling and selection approach described led to an approximately 5-fold improvement in efficiency and the recovery of several novel strains of bacteria with significant biopesticide potential.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.461-470
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure and whole-genome selection signatures of Luxi cattle to reveal its genomic characteristics in terms of meat and carcass traits, skeletal muscle development, body size, and other traits. Methods: To further analyze the genomic characteristics of Luxi cattle, this study sequenced the whole-genome of 16 individuals from the core conservation farm in Shandong region, and collected 174 published genomes of cattle for conjoint analysis. Furthermore, three different statistics (pi, F_st, and XP-EHH) were used to detect potential positive selection signatures related to selection in Luxi cattle. Moreover, gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed to reveal the potential biological function of candidate genes harbored in selected regions. Results: The results showed that Luxi cattle had high genomic diversity and low inbreeding levels. Using three complementary methods (pi, F_st, and XP-EHH) to detect the signatures of selection in the Luxi cattle genome, there were 2,941, 2,221 and 1,304 potentially selected genes identified, respectively. Furthermore, there were 45 genes annotated in common overlapping genomic regions covered 0.723 Mb, including PLAG1 zinc finger (PLAG1), dedicator of cytokinesis 3 (DOCK3), ephrin A2 (EFNA2), DAZ associated protein 1 (DAZAP1), Ral GTPase activating protein catalytic subunit alpha 1 (RALGAPA1), mediator complex subunit 13 (MED13), and decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2), most of which were enriched in pathways related to muscle growth and differentiation and immunity. Conclusion: In this study, we provided a series of genes associated with important economic traits were found in positive selection regions, and a scientific basis for the scientific conservation and genetic improvement of Luxi cattle.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권8A호
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• pp.769-774
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• 2006

선택결합을 갖는 협동 다이버시티 시스템의 성능을 만족시키는 연결노드의 전력제어 범위를 검토하였다. 그리고 전력제한이 있는 연결노드가 시스템의 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 레일레이 페이딩 하에서 각 경로의 평균 신호 대 잡음비가 동일할 경우, 연결노드가 하나이며 선택결합을 갖는 협동 다이버시티의 이득은 수신오율 $1{\times}10^{-3}$에서 13.5 dB 이다. 그리고 전력제한이 있는 연결노드는 시스템의 성능에 많은 영향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 ad-hoc 네트워크에서 전력제한이 있는 노드는 협동 다이버시티의 연결노드로 바람직하지 않다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2009

Antibody phage display provides a powerful and efficient tool for the discovery and development of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic and other applications. Antibody clones from synthetic libraries with optimized design features have several distinct advantages that include high stability, high levels of expression, and ease of downstream optimization and engineering. In this study, a fully synthetic human scFv library with six diversified CDRs was constructed by polymerase chain reaction assembly of overlapping oligonucleotides. In order to maximize the functional diversity of the library, a ${\beta}$-lactamase selection strategy was employed in which the assembled scFv gene repertoire was fused to the 5'-end of the ${\beta}$-lactamase gene, and in-frame scFv clones were enriched by carbenicillin selection. A final library with an estimated total diversity of $7.6{\times}10^9$, greater than 70% functional diversity, and diversification of all six CDRs was obtained after insertion of fully randomized CDR-H3 sequences into this proofread repertoire. The performance of the library was validated using a number of target antigens, against which multiple unique scFv sequences with dissociation constants in the nanomolar range were isolated.