• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.945-956
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• 2021

The effective growth of pepper seedlings relies on the growing period and tray used, which both aim to minimize seedling damage during the transplantation process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of red and green pepper seedling growth in plug and cylindrical paper pot (CPP) trays with different growth periods of the seedlings. Two different seedling growth trays were used for the two varieties of pepper seedlings in the same growing media. The pepper seedling growth rates were investigated at 15, 30, and 45 days for each of variety. Important parameters, e.g., the plant height, fresh weight for the plant and root, number of leaves, leaf length and width, and leaf chlorophyll contents, were measured. During the experiment, the CPP tray maintained uniform seedling growth as compared to the plug tray. CPP trays ensured the height of the seedling, with these results 0.84 to 1.6 times higher than those of the plug tray for all conditions, indicating the good quality of the pepper seedlings. The shoot and root weights were found to be greater with more leaves in the CPP tray seedlings for 45 days compared to the seedlings grown in the plug tray, whereas the green pepper variety showed a greater leaf ratio than the red pepper seedlings. The analysis of pepper seedling growth presented in this study will guide the selection of suitable growth trays and seedling periods for farmers when they undertake automatic pepper transplantation in the field.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.19-24
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the optimum intervals of shelves and seed-tray layout in container for raising rice seedlings at automatic facility. The seedling characteristics were evaluated with 10-day to 20-day old seedling grown under the different intervals of nursery shelves and seed-tray arrangement in the containers. The plant height was increased as the shelf intervals in nursery containers from 17 cm to 23 cm. The difference in plant height was larger in seedlings seeded at May 10 than those at June 10 and in 20-day old seedlings as compared with 10-day old seedlings. The growth characteristics of seedlings was significantly varied with the layout intervals of nursery tray on the containers. The seedling height was shorter as the extension of layout intervals of the tray on the shelf of nursery containers, but the seedling quality was increased in the seedling which grown on the trays arranged at 3 to 5 cm intervals. The light intensity was remarkably different from the position of nursery tray in the container. The illumination intensity was the highest on the uppermost tray. However the seedling height was shorter as the raising of tray position from the lowest shelf to the highest it in nursery container. The best results based on the seedling characteristics was obtained from the seedlings which grown in the tray arranged at 3 cm interval on the ten-shelf container with 20 cm intervals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2005

Rice farmers can save labor and expenses by using expanded rice husk (ERH) as a seedling medium since ERH is lighter and cheaper than other commercial seedling media (CSM). This study was carried out to develop a method for rice seedling cultivation using ERH as a seedling medium. It is suggested that a mixture of $60\%$ of ERH and $40\%$ of a CSM could be used as a seedling medium; the planting densities would be 240g per tray for infant seedlings and 200 g for young seedlings; and nitrogen (N) would be applied at a rate of 1g per tray for infant seedlings prior to planting and 2g per tray for young seedlings with division. Great care should be taken to use $CO(NH_2)_2$ as an N-source fertilizer. These results would lay a foundation for the rice seedling cultivation with ERH as a medium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.757-763
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• 2000

It is fundamental to control individual condition of every seedling. Automatic individual control is used by data control and analysis at on-line. As a result the best condition system was build without all waste. This system uses one of new technology irrigation system. This irrigation system supply accurate quantity of nutrient solution in the shortest time. The system named the upward injection irrigation system. First of all it is necessary to be considered whether the soil is proper or improper for upward injection irrigation system. It is important that root absorb nutrient solution as fast as possible. The ability of spreading, storing water, contamination of environment and cost were considered when choose the medium. The soil of organic culture is developed recently. The soil consists of paper pulp and vermiculite. The new soil is more suitable than ordinary medium for growing plant because this medium is made of paper pulp. The ability of store and spread of water is it's feature. We can make paper tray of this paper pulp's raw material. It is possible that pulp tray replaced plastic tray. The original plug tray of growing seedling system can make which consist of pulp medium and pulp tray. In this study, it was examined whether the plug seedling of paper pulp medium grow with upward injection irrigation system in this seedling plant system. At the same time, examine ability of store and spread of water and how to grow plant on the paper pulp medium.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 1998

An automatic seedling transplanter, employed an innovative plug-seedling feeder was developed by improving the problems of conversational feeding and transplanting mechanisms. With conventional methods, missing and damage rates of seedling were high for long seedlings over 20cm and also breaking seed-bed was frequently observed. Thus, a pushout-bucket slide-hopper type trandsplanter was devised and tested. Test results of picking and transferring accuracies of the developed transplanter are as follows : A prototype transplanter performed with 1.5% of missing rate. The deviations of horizontal feed ranged from -0.3mm to 2.8mm and averaged 0.673mm for the 128-hoe test tray : and ranged from -lmm to ＋3mm and averaged 0.785mm for the 200-hole test tray. The deviations could decrease with precise manufacturing and lightening the mechanism. The maximum and deviations of vertical feed were -2.3mm and + 1mm, respectively, for the 128-hole test tray ; and were ＋3mm and ＋2.5mm, respectively, for the 200-hole test tray. The missing rate, seeding bruise rate and seed-bed damage rate were esitmate to be 1.3％, 0.4% and 3.5％, respectively, with the developed automatic transplanter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.336-336
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• 2017

High mortality and slow growth of seedling generally occurred in tray due to cold, foggy weather and severe seedling blight. Mechanical transplanting is hampered, farmers having economic loss. A sustainable method for raising mat type seedling is necessary. Experiments were conducted on disease control and seedling growth in dry seasons. Fungicides treated/untreated seeds were sown 120-130g in each tray containing pulverized fine grain loam/sandy loam soils. Seed covered with a thin layer of soil and irrigated. It was polythene covered (PC) for 72h and then every night along with 2/3 sprinkler irrigation (SI) per day. Untreated seedlings infected 53-93%. Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin and Azoxystrobin+Difeconazole treated seeds/sprayed (72h) seedlings had no disease. Seedling height was 11.7-13.2 cm with compact and thick root mat at 25 days. Seeds treated at 0.2-0.3% (18-20h) showed no disease but severely in untreated seeds in all locations. Seedling height (13.8 cm), leaf age (3.7) and root number (8.5) were better when NPK were applied at 3-4-3 g/tray. Spraying of urea (1%) in addition with MOP, theovit and $ZnSo_4$ at 0.6-0.6-0.2% on 7 and $15^{th}$ days was also effective. PC showed significant growth (29.1-34.5%). Root mat was not good in flooded irrigation (FI). Disease was higher in SI (66.7-97.3%) than FI (0.7-3.7%) in untreated seeds regardless of polythene use. The protocol would be effective for raising mat type seedling in cold environment.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1999

A color image processing algorithm was developed to assist the robotic plug-seedling transplanter. The algorithm was designed to identify and locate empty cells in the seedling tray. The image of pepper seedling tray was segmented into regions of plant, frame and soil using thresholding technique which utilized HSI or RGB color characteristics of each region. The detection algorithm was able to successfully identify empty cells and locate their two-dimensional location. The overall success rate of the algorithm was about 88%.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2001

This study was conducted to develop the vision system of a robotic transplanter for plug-seedling. A color image processing algorithm was developed to identify and locate empty cells and bad plants in the seedling tray. The image of pepper and tomato seedling tray was segmented into regions of plants, frame and soil using threshold technique which utilized Q of YIQ for finding leaves and H of HSI for finding frame of tray in the color coordinate system. The recognition system was able to successfully identify empty cells and bad seeding and locate their two-dimensional locations. The overall success rate of the recognition system was about 99%.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

This study was conducted to develop m automatic pot-seedling transplanter for plant factory. The transplanter consists of a gripper, row-spacing control device, nursing tray transfer system, growing trough transfer system, and gripper moving device. The gripper picks up pot-seedling. The gripper moving device moves the gripper between nursing tray and growing-flat. Nursing trays are moved to workspace by the nursing tray transfer system. The growing trough transfer system was developed to move growing trough to workspace. The row-spacing control device was used to adjust the distance between adjacent plants traversely. The results of this study are as follows. The transplanting capacity of the developed transplanter was 7.1 seconds per cycle or 1.18 second per pot-seedling. Successful planting was 98.9% without seedlings and 95.8% with seedlings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.448-452
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum sowing amount for raising rice seedlings in automatic facility. four levels of seeding amount, 200, 220, 250 and 300 tray were applied to compare the seedling characteristics according to seeding density. Sowing dates were fixed at May 10 for single cropping and June 10 for double cropping. The seedling height was taller as the increase of sowing amount from 200g to 300g/tray, however the seedling quality was decreased with increasing of seed density. At 40-50 days after transplanting, there was no significant difference in the plant height and tiller number among the rice seedling raised under different seeding densities. Grain yield of 15-day old seedlings transplanted at May 25 was not significantly different among four different levels of seeding amount. However, the yield of 10day old seedling transplanted at June 20 was significantly higher in seeding density of 250g/tray than that of 300g/tray.