• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.470-476
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sowing time on ecological responses, growth, and yields of cowpeas grown in plastic greenhouses in a southern region of South Korea. Experiments were carried out in Naju, Jeonnam Province (Latitude $35^{\circ}$ 04' N, Longitude $126^{\circ}$ 54' E) during 2012 and 2013. The intermediate-erect type strains used in this study were Jeonnam1 and Jeonnam2. Sowing was performed between mid-March and mid-August at intervals of one month. The days from sowing to emergence was significantly higher for the mid-March sowing (12 days) but no significant differences were observed among the other sowing dates (3 to 4 days). The days from sowing to first flowering were shorter for sowing dates between mid-March and mid-July because sowing time was delayed and then were lengthened again at mid-August sowing; the days were longest at mid-March sowing (around 75 days) and were shortest at mid-July sowing (30 days). The days from first flowering to harvesting were short for the sowing dates between mid-March and mid-May (24 to 28 days) but were relatively long for subsequent sowing dates (35 to 38 days). Stem and peduncle lengths were relatively long for the mid-April and mid-August sowing dates. Main-stem node number was highest for the mid-June sowing. Branch number per plant was highest for the mid-March sowing. The mid-March sowing displayed the highest number of pods per plant as well as the heaviest seed weight. Yield per 10 ares was highest for the mid-March sown Jeonnam1 and the Jeonnam2 strains (340 and 367 kg respectively), and then tended to decrease due to subsequent delays in sowing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.483-491
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• 2014

Double cropping system including paddy field soybean is widely adopted nationwide, due to rise in market price and its higher income than paddy field rice. Sowing date of soybean as a second crop is being delayed depending on first crop's growth period and harvesting time. Due to the increased temperature in October and delayed first frost date, soybean could be harvested without frost damage even in late-plating. Therefore, selection of soybean cultivar which is appropriate for this environment is very important. The effect of sowing date and genotype of soybean on growth and yield was investigated for three planting dates (June 20, July 5, and July 20) with ten cultivars developed for soy-pate production, to figure out plant development and yield pattern in delayed planting. As planting date is delayed, plant height and pod number was decreased and this pattern was more clearly detected in mid-late maturity cultivars. Hundred-seed weight did not show significant changes even in late planting, due to compensations between yield components. Yield reduction of July 20 in contrast to that of June 20 showed that Nampung (9.6%) showed the least yield decline. Maximum yield was achieved from Daepung, Taekwang, and Uram among other soybean cultivars in late planting. Shortening of growth period was strongly detected in reproductive stage while length of vegetative stage was regularly maintained in both early and mid-late maturity cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 1994

Vegetative node and rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. were planted in spring and autumn and harvested after one and two years to determine the appropriate harvesting time which produced a high yield. Plant height, leaf number and branch number per plant were increased in order of rhizome planted in spring and harvested after two year(RST), rhizome planted in autumn and harvested after one year(RAO), vegetative node planted in autumn and harvested after one year(VNAO), and vegetative node planted in spring and harvested after one year(VNSO). Leaf area index and dry leaf weight in VNSO were highest on August 16, but dry weights of stem and rhizome was increased until harvesting time. The appropriate harvesting time was October 17, in RST, November 9 in RAO and VNAO, and November 13 in VNSO. Yield in autumn planting was more increased than that in spring planting and also that in RST was 443kg per 10a and increased by 2.8 times compared to RAO. However the yield in the rhizome planting was more increased by 17 percent than the vegetative node planting, the latter planting was inexpensive and economic for purchasing seed materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1995 to understand the effects of the labor-saving seeding and planting density on growth and root yield of Astragalus membranaceus. The drilling seeder reduced seeding time than the hand seeding; It takes 3. 5hrs/l0a to seed by drilling seeder while 33. 0hrs/l0a by hand seeding, which labor reducing rate was 89. 4 %. Emergence rate in the drilling seeder was increased 17% than in the hand seeding, so the root yield were increased 23% to 136. lkg/l0a in using drilling seeder compared to 110. 3kg in hand seeding. On the effect of planting density on the growth characteristics plant height was long in dense planting and stem diameter was thick in spacious planting. Root diameter and dry root weight root per plant were decreased in dense planting and root yield was highest in optimum planting densities $(6\;row\;(15cm)\;{\times}\;10cm)$ in the harvest of 1 year old plants in Astragalus membranaceus. The gross profit were increased 23% to 1,933 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder compared to 1,566 thousand won in the hand seeding, also the managing costs were reduced 18% to 406 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder than 494 thousand won per l0a in the hand seeding.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2005

This research was performed to investigate the possibilities of industrial usage of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) by examining the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract with different sections. Content of total phenolics, DPPH radical scavenging activities and antibacterial activity of young leaf, mature leaf, flower bud, flower, bark, and seed of camellia were compared in vitro experimental models. Total phenolics was contained the higher in young leaf (74.62 mg), flower bud (65.02 mg) and flower (62.42 mg) but less than 20.95 mg per 100 g of dry weight in other parts of Camellia japonica L. And effects of antioxidant measured by DPPH radical scavenger activity ($RC_{50}$, reduce concentration 50%), was shown higher $7.16{\sim}18.14\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in methanol extract of young leaf, flower bud and flower than $61.23\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of BHT as a chemical oxidant. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Camellia japonica L. extracts determined using a paper disc method against food-borne pathogen and food spoilage bacteria, the young leaves extracts showed the most active antimicrobial activity against 7 kinds of harmful microorganisms. Flower bud extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. C1036. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of young leaf extract against B. subtillis,S. fradiae,S. aureus,E. coli,P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. C1036, and S. typhimurium were revealed 1 to 15 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$. As a result, antimicrobial activity of camellia extracts was shown higher gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 1996

Growth and survival rate in shortnecked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum were studied from different seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang to Kwangyang Bay, Korea, and three stocking densities (1,000, 1,500 and 3,000 individuals/$m^2$) of clam from Ulsan seedling production area were examined. During the experimental period, water temperature and specific gravity were ranged from 4.5 to $26.0^{\circ}C$ and from 1.0216 to 1.0248, respectively. Shell length was grown from $2.30{\pm}0.05\;to\;3,29{\pm}0.02$ cm in Hadong, $1.32{\pm}0.02\;to\;3.15{\pm}2.02$ cm in Ulsan, $1.24{\pm}0.03\;to\;3.18{\pm}0.02$ cm in Kochang. Kochang's seed was displayed fast growth rate than others. In different rearing densities, the lower density group was showed a rapid growth rate. Shell length from the 1,000 individuals per $m^2$ group grew longer than that from the 2,000 individuals group. Total weight from the 1,000 individuals group was higher than that from the 1,5()0 individual and the 2,000 individual groups. Survival rate by seedling production areas, Hadong, Ulsan and Kochang showed $69.4\%,\;63.8\%\;and\;41.7\%$, respectively. Survival rate by rearing density, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 individual groups showed $70.8\%,\;67.8\%\;and\;59.0\%$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

This research was carried out to determine the effect of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit (CTF) on the performance of laying hens, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and blood composition. A total 288 Brown Nick laying hens of 48 weeks old replaced into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 18 birds in each. Treatments were added with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0% CTF containing dried seed and pulp. Metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) were 2,800 kcal/kg and 16.0% in basal diets, respectively. Egg production and daily eggmass were significantly increased in 1.0% CTF addition treatment compared to those of other treatments (P<0.05). Egg weight and feed intake were not different among treatments. Feed conversion ratio showed the lower result in 1.0% CTF treatment than other treatments (P<0.05). Eggshell color was not influenced by the addition of CTF. Albumin height, Haugh unit and eggshell breaking strength was not statistically different, but seemed to be higher as dietary CTF addition increased. Yolk color was increased as dietary CTF increased and was the highest in 1.0% CTF group (P<0.05). Fatty acids were not shown the consistency in yolk. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) of birds fed CTF were significantly low compared to those of control. IgG was also statistically higher in CTF treatments than control (P<0.05). As the results of this experiment, the addition of 1% CTF would be the most effective on performance and egg quality, whereas the 0.25% CTF addition in basal diets seemed to be optimum to improve the blood cholesterol, TG,high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CHOL), IgG in laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.156-164
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the application of green manure in the form of either green barley and Chinese milkvetch in reducing the amounts of N fertilizers and conventional fertilizers needed for paddy rice. Prior to rice transplanting, the green barley and Chinese milkvetch as a green manure produced respectively $668kg\;10a^{-1}$ and 3,492kg\;$10a^{-1}$ in fresh shoot weight basis. Calculated nitrogen content from harvested green manures was 3.9 and $17.8kg\;10a^{-1}$, respectively. Plant height and tiller number of rice increased when two kinds of green manure incorporated into soil. Above mentioned parameters also increased with increasing amounts of N fertilizers at both ear formation and heading stage of rice. Rice grain number was not affected by green manures treatment but increased when N fertilizers were applied. Although rice panicle and grain number increased with green manure treatments and fertilizer applications, whereas the percentage of ripened grain decreased. Chinese milkvetch with additional N fertilizer applications increased brown rice yield from 1 to 5% compared to rice yields in plots where non-green manure with the conventional amount of fertilizer application was applied. Rice treated with Chinese milkvetch and 30% of the conventional N fertilizer rate yielded the same as rice fertilized conventionally. During the rice growing season, $NH_4-N$ content of paddy soil was higher in green manures treatment than non-green manure one. Average $NH_4-N$ content in paddy soil drastically decreased after heading stage below $5.7mg\;kg^{-1}$ in non-green manure treated plots. While on the other, $NH_4-N$ content in soil slowly decreased in plots those were treated with green manures at harvesting stage, average $NH_4-N$ content was still greater than $5.5mg\;kg^{-1}$. Nitrogen content of rice shoot and brown rice seed was higher in green manure treatment.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield by sowing times and spacing using machine seeder on Coix Lachryma-jobi L. var ma-yuen $S_{TAPF}$. Adlay was seeded at four different dates (April 20, May 5, May 20 and June 5). Planting spaces were controlled by the seed roller of tractor drill seeder attached to tractor at three spacing ($60{\times}15cm,\;70{\times}15cm\;and\;80{\times}15cm$). The results were summarized as follows. Required days to emergence and days to anthesis were shortened as sowing date was late. But days to maturity were prolonged when sowing date was late. The accumulated temperature increased such as required periods increased. In growth characteristics, culm length was significantly different at different sowing times. But all growth characteristics was not affected by different spacings. In yield components, 1,000 grain weight and ripening rate were significantly different at different sowing times, also the number of tillers and branches was significantly affected at different spacings. Grain yield/ha was significantly different at different sowing times. But it was not significantly different at different spacings. Thus, in order to improve the yield of adlay using drill seeder, if it is not frost, sowing should be done as early as possible. As a result, suitable sowing time was April 20 with spacing at $60{\times}15cm$ using machine seeder in Korea.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 1977

Acrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of 13 wild soybean (Glycine ussuriensis) was compared with that of G. gracilis and G. max var. Gwanggyo. Average Protein content (50%) of wild soybean was greater than that of C. gracilis (46%) and Gwanggyo (45%). Grain weight of wild soybean was one third of G. gracilis and one ninth of Gwanggyo. Electrophoresis of wild soybean protein showed total 16 different bands and three of which (Rm 0.09, 0.59 and 0.84) were specific and did not appeared in 86 var. of G. max which showed four specific bands (Rm 0.35, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.77) of total 17 bands. G. glacilis had all bands of Gwanggyo and two bands (Rm 0.53 and 0.59), one of which (Rm 0.59) was specific for wild soybean indicating that G. gracilis is middle type. Of 16 protein bands the third band (32%), the first band (28%) and the 5th band (13%) were main bands. Electrophoretic pattern could be sorted qualitatively into 4 groups, semiquantitatively into 6 groups and 2 or 4 groups depending on reference pattern by correlation or pattern similarity method. All sorting methods separated a wild soybean from Sogri mountain into a group and except that there were no similarity among methods but correlation methods seems more reasonable. Protein content was no relation with electrophoretic pattern but positively correlated with percent contribution of first band at 5% level suggesting that the first band may have a important role for protein synthesis.