• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

The seeding sources and concentration of ammonia on anaerobic digestion were investigated by batch culture bioreactors. The sources of seeding on anaerobic digestion were from swine wastewater collection pit of a hog raising farm and from anaerobic digestion sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant. The inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic microorganisms was initiated at ammonia concentration of $1,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ and it's effect was increased by increased by increasing ammonia concentration up to $3,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ regardless the sources of seeding as evidenced by decreases in COD removal efficiencies and biogas yields. The inhibition occurred to not only methanogens but also acidogens since the concentration of volatile fatty acids was maintained at 50 mg/L The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield were Maintained constantly while increasing ammonia concentration up to $3,500\;mgNH_4-N/L$ when swine wastewater collection pit was used as a seeding; however, those were decreased while increasing ammonia concentration when anaerobic digestion sludge was used as a seeding. The results indicate that the seeding acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia for long time was easy in adaptation to high ammonia concentration and less subjective to ammonia inhibitory effects.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the scouting methods for larva and adults of the alfalfa weevil, $Hypera$ $postica$ Gyllenhal on Chinese milkvetch, $Astragalus$ $sinicus$ L. in the field. Three sampling methods, shake-bucket, shake-picking, and a sweeping net were evaluated for collecting alfalfa weevil larvae. We found significant differences among scouting methods and date in all survey fields. Sweep-net sampling was less able to detect small larvae than large larvae, which were not detected until early April whereas the shake-bucket, and shake-picking methods efficiently collected larvae from middle March. A Pitfall trap with three different baits - no bait, kidney bean seeds and sprouting kidney beans were compared for collection efficiency of alfalfa weevil adults. Collection efficiencies were significantly different by bait(p<0.018). Traps baited with sprouting kidney beans were the most efficient for collecting the alfalfa weevil. The number of alfalfa weevil caught was not significantly different between kidney bean seed and no bait in the pitfall trap. Therefore, the shake-bucket method for larvae and a pitfall trap baited with sprouting kidney beans for adults are recommended for scouting of the alfalfa weevil in a Chinese milkvetch field.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2008

Two hundred and sixty Korean soybean landrace accessions were analyzed for polymorphism at 92 simple sequence repeat(SSR) loci. The 995 identified alleles served as raw data for estimating genetic diversity and population structure. The number of alleles at a locus ranged from three to 27 with a mean of 10.4 alleles per locus. $F_{ST}$ values estimated by analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) using SSR data set were 0.018, 0.027, and 0.016 for usage, collection site and maturity groups, respectively, indicating little genetic differentiation. The model-based clustering analysis placed the accessions into three clusters(K=3) with 0.0503 of $F_{ST}$, indicating moderate genetic differentiation. Duncan's Multiple Range Test at K = 3 on the basis of 18 quantitative traits revealed that one cluster was mainly differentiated from the other two clusters by seed related traits and the other two clusters were differentiated from each other by biochemical traits. Genetic structure of Korean soybean landraces was differentiated by model-based clustering and supported by their phenotypic traits in part. This preliminary study could be the first step towards more efficient germplasm management and utilization of soybean landraces and helpful in association studies between genotypic and phenotypic traits in Korean soybean landraces.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1976

Metabolizable energy (M.E.) values of 12 U.S. feedstuffs and 10 Korean feed ingredients for poultry were determined both by the total collection method and by the chromic oxide indicator method. It was found that M.E. values of most poultry feedstuffs can be measured accurately by either method. Limitation of feed intake to almost maintenance level(approximately 60% of ad libitum) did not increase or decrease the M.E. value of the feeds. An attempt was made to establish a prediction equation to estimate the M.E. values based on the apparent metabolizability of dry matter (D.M.) in the feedstuffs. The results indicated that linear relationships do exist between D. M. metabolizability and M.E. values of carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs (grains and their by-products) or protein-rich feed ingredients (oil seed meals and animal protein feeds) or lipid-rich feeds (fats and oils) as follows: The prediction equation for carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs was Y = 0.0947x - 3.498 ($r^2\;=\;0.99$, Sy.x = 0.015); for protein-rich feed ingredients. it was Y = 0.1234x - 4.898 ($r^2\;=\;0.99$, Sy.x = 0.027); and for lipid-rich feedstuffs it was Y = 0.0844x + 0.774 ($r^2\;=\;0.99$, Sy.x = 0.032). where x = metabolizability of dry matter of feeds in %, and Y=metabolizable energy values in kcal./g. The errors attached to these estimations were relatively small. Thus these prediction equations may be very useful for estimation of the M.E. values from D.M. apparent metaboiizability of feeds, especially in areas of the world where calorimetry is not possible.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.378-385
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of variety and growing conditions of wheat on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. One hundred and sixty-four wheat samples, collected from a wide range of different sources, locations, varieties and years, were analyzed for a range of chemical and physical parameters. Chemical and physical parameters measured included specific weight, thousand grain weight (TG), in vitro viscosity, gross energy, N, NDF, starch, total and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), lysine, threonine, amylose, hardness, rate of starch digestion and protein profiles. Ninety-four of the wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolizm cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were determined weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, DM retention, oil and NDF digestibility. At 28 d the birds were sacrificed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal DM, starch and protein digestibility. The wheat samples used in the study had wide-ranging chemical and physical parameters, leading to bird DMI, LWG, gain:feed, ME:GE, AME content and ileal starch and protein digestibility being significantly (p<0.05) affected by wheat sample. A high level of N fertilizer application to the English and NI wheat samples tended to benefit bird performance, with increases of up to 3.4, 7.2 and 3.8% in DMI, LWG and gain:feed, respectively. Fungicide application also appeared to have a positive effect on bird performance, with fungicide treated (+F) wheat increasing bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed by 6.6, 9.3 and 2.7%, over the non-fungicide treated (-F) wheats. An increase (p<0.1) of 9.3% in gain:feed was also observed at the low seed rate of 40 compared to 640 seeds/$m^2$. It was concluded that the type of wheat sample and environmental growing conditions significantly affects bird performance when fed wheat-based diets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.21-30
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• 2002

Busan Port which is the representative social overhead capital facilities for international trade of goods has been the driving force for economic development in Korea. Therefore, the central government should play the major role in building a rear road to Busan Port in order that it may function as a mojor port of Northeastern Asia through the systemization of mutual assistance among connected facilities, completely equipped with port-related facilities befitting to the principal port of imports and exports. In this study, the validity of container tax is being examined, analyzing container tax which Is considered as an obstacle to the development of Busan Port and its purpose, and grasping the present conditions by the realistic speculation on container tax issues and its abolition. First, the port rear road as a social overhead capital facilities, which connects port and expressway, should be considered as part of port, and port is social overhead capital invested by government. Second, the susan City imposes on container tax. As a result, a shipper and a shipping company are paying a double charge by paying container tax with port dues. Third, someone argues that port rear road is constructed as container truck generates much traffic, but it is unreasonable to conclude that container truck is seed of traffic jam because according to traffic survey of Busan City, container truck occupies only 1.45% of total traffic Forth, it has bad influence upon the competitiveness of Busan Port as Northeastern logistics base, as other ports who are competing with Busan Port like Singapore. Hong kong, Kobe make their competitiveness strong by decreasing the cost of pore dues

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of millet (Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour ($n$=100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination ($R^2$) of 0.89, 0.89, 0.89, and 0.92 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values ($r^2$=0.64, 0.90, 0.79, and 0.89 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard errors of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were close to 3 (2.62, 2.40, 1.85, and 2.23 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic and total fatty acids characterizing millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153514 showed an especially high content of fatty acids ($48.14mg\;g^{-1}$), whereas IT123909 had a very low content ($34.44mg\;g^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.448-454
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour (n=100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination ($R^2$) of 0.91, 0.89, 0.98 and 0.98 for strearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values ($r^2=0.97$, 0.91, 0.99 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard error of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were greater than 3 (3.11, 5.45, and 7.50 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic, linolenic, and total fatty acids characterizing foxtail millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153491 showed an especially high content of fatty acids ($84.06mg\;g^{-1}$), whereas IT188096 had a very low content ($29.92mg\;g^{-1}$).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 1995

We examined the effects of seed treatment on field germination rate and seedling growth for four woody species, Euonymus alatus, Thea sinensis, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Nandina domestia which are economically useful in Korea. The seeds of each species were purified carefully after collection during Oct. and Nov.. E. alatus, T. sinensis, and Z. piperitum were sowed in the experimental field after stored in open ground with treatment of Pon-Pon. $H_2O_2$, $GA_3$, scarification. and N. domestica was sowed in container within green house after treatment of three different periods(7, 15, 21days) in growth chamber(4, 25, $32^{\circ}C$). Germination rate and seedling growth were measured in mid-Oct.. In E. alatus germination rate was higher in storaging in open ground after soaking in $GA_3$(67.1%) than in only storaging in open ground(18.4%). But the rate in T. sinensis showed no differences between storage in open ground after treatment of $GA_3$, and scarification, and only storage in open ground, Germination rate of Z. piperitum was much higher in storaging in open ground after treatment of Pon-Pon(80.3%) than in only storaging in open ground(12.4%). In N. domestica. seeds stored for 7 days at $32^{\circ}C$ were germinated faster than those stored for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and germination rate of the former was also higher than that of the latter. Peak Times of seed germination in field were order of E. alatus (32 days). Z. piperitum (49 days). T. sinensis (83 days), N. domestica (87 days). The growth of seedling germinated in field showed a good result because of early germination following the effect of seed treatment. The periods of highest growth performances of the seedlings were 72 days in late Jun.-mid Jul. in E. alatus. 59 days in late Jun.- mid Jul. in Z. Piperitum, and 45 days in mid Aug.- mid Sep. in T. sinensis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2014

Sesame lignan, including sesamin and sesamolin has been reported to have various content according to accessions and environmental factors. The objective of this study were to analyze the lignan variation of 143 sesame accessions from core collection in Korea and to test the effects of growing years and locations on lignan and lipid content of Korea sesame elite lines. The results showed that the core sesame germplasm in Korea has broad variation of lignan content from 2.33 to 12.17 mg/g with an average 8.18 mg/g. Among tested sesame accessions, the IT184615 had the highest lignan content of as 12.17 mg/g. So this accession will be a good genetic resource for developing a high lignan sesame variety. The sesamin and sesamolin content for sesame accessions across origin had significant difference. The average lignan content of accessions collected from Russia (10.0 mg/g) and Nepal (9.08 mg/g) were relatively higher than other countries. The sesamin and sesamolin content for sesame accessions across seed coat color had significant difference. The average lignan content of sesame with white, brown and black seed coat color was 8.61, 7.51, and 5.49 mg/g, respectively. The variation of lignan and lipid content was significantly different across elite lines, locations and growing years. Therefore, it is important to find sesame accessions having high lignan content with environmental stability.