• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-88
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• 1998

Present study was attempt to explore the relationship between perceived family support and depression and to emphasize the importance or needs of family support in psychological care especially among adolescents. Study subjects comprized of 308 high school students including vocational students in part, and data collection was done in the Kwangju City area in April. 1998. The Moos Family Environment Scale and the Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale modified by investigators were used as measurement tools of 59 item questionnaire and in data analysis, statistical methods of T-test, ANOVA. and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were utilized. The study findings are as follows 1. The hypothesis of the study, 'the higher the degree of perceived family support among adolescents, the lower the level of depression', was supported (r=-0.4469, p<.001). 2. Some variables in demographic characteristics related to the degree of family support with statistical significance were school division of vacational vs non-vocational(t=-2.02, p<.05), age(f=5.47, p<.01), family monthly income (f=2.49, p<.05), mother's level of education (f=3.01. p<.05), residence at developmental stage (f=2.87, p<.05), personal problem of highest priority at present(f=7.73, p<.001), and family problem perceived by adolescents(f=7.38, p< .001). 3. Items In general characteristics related to the level of depression with statistical significance were sex(t=-2.91, p<.0l). mother's level of education(f=2.53. p<.05). residence at developmental stage (f=3.95. p<.0l). present personal problem of highest priority (f=3.68. p<.1l). and perceived in-family problem (f=4.58. p<.001). 4. The mean score of the degree of perceived family support was 61.26 $(SD=\pm14.45)$ in a range of 21.00 to 96.00 ; that of the level of depression. 43.74 $(SD=\pm8.04)$ in a range of 23.00 to 67.00. which demonstrated that the higher the degree of perceived family support, the lower the level of depression. In conclusion. it was found that the degree of family support perceived by adolescents is a variable affecting the level of depression. Based on the study outcome, further research suggestions can be made as such that repeated studies are needed in order to delineate the various factors affecting family support and depression, and a study involving family support implementation program is required as a nursing intervention for the development of emotional security among adolescents, perceived family support, depression, adolescence.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.104-113
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• 2011

While converging USN Services, a single physical infrastructure can be used in several services and in several physical infrastructures can make up a single service. Therefore the physical infrastructure and service have to manage separately for effective convergence of USN Services. However, established Identification Scheme is not suitable to distinguish various services that USN provides. This paper suggests USN Service Identification Scheme that can be separated and managed. Through USN Service Identification Scheme suggested, firstly, it is possible to obtain Service Identification Scheme utilizing various technology such as RFID TAG, QR Code, radio broadcasting, etc. because it is possible to process USN Service Identification Scheme. Secondly, it is easy to mange the service, develope the user application program and interlock with established USN Standard technique as view from service provider. Thirdly, it is possible to manage systematically USN Service. Fourthly, users can search USN Service easily, so it can contribute actively for invigoration of USN service. This thesis, firstly, has analyzed about standard related USN Service and USN Identification Scheme. Secondly, this has suggested brand-new USN Service Identification Scheme based on established USN Identification Scheme.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.125-142
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• 2002

This study was carried out to purpose drawing up the efficient method of rural residents' health management, analyzing factors having influences on the behavioral intention and the behavior of hepatitis B vaccination of rural residents, using the theory of planned behavior(TPB). Surveying the first questionnaire about TPB to 439 people of rural adults over 40-year old who participated to hepatitis B examination program was made from March 14 to April 23 in 2001 at two primary health care posts in a city in Gyeongsangbuk-do and the second survey for hepatitis B vaccination was made to the last subjects of 332 people(75.6%) that had been proved as subjects of inoculation against the hepatitis B as the result of examination after two months of notification. In the behavioral intention rate of hepatitis B vaccination of the subjects within a month, 100%(the top) was 45.2%, 80-90%(the middle) was 21.1% and under 70%(the low) was 33.7%. In simple analysis, vaccination intention was related with significantly health security type and economic status(p<0.05). And vaccination intention was related with significantly all variables of attitude toward behavior and subjective norm, and economic power of utilizing medical facilities and perceived power variable of perceived behavioral control(p<0.01). The vaccination rate of the subjects within a month was 31.3%. In simple analysis, the vaccination rate was higher significantly in the lower the age was, the higher the educational level was(p<0.01), the larger the family was, and subjects having transport(p<0.05). And the vaccination rate was higher in the higher the economic power was and the higher the perceived ability was. As the results of making generalized logit analysis for behavioral intention, the more positive the subjective norm was, the higher was the score of the perceived behavioral control, the intention was higher significantly in the top class on a basis of the low class of behavioral intention. In multiple logistic regression analysis for vaccination(behavior) using intention and perceived behavioral control as dependent variables, it showed that perceived behavioral control variable only influenced significantly. The higher was the score of perceived behavioral control, it showed that they got the more vaccination(p<0.01). And even in the result having analyzed, adding the significant general characteristics variables in the simple analysis to the independent variable, the higher was the score of perceived behavioral control, it showed that they got vaccination more.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.115-141
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• 2003

The aim of this paper is to describe a long-term trend toward earlier retirement and its reversal since 1985 in the United States, together with changes in socioeconomic conditions and social-policy programs which have contributed to this new development. The American people's recent propensity to retire at relatively younger ages was mainly a result of secular increase in individual wealth that had made it possible for them to enjoy higher standard of living without their participation in labor market activities at older ages. In addition to the introduction of compulsory retirement system, both social security retirement pension program and corporate pension system have also contributed significantly to the declining retirement age and its reversal around the mid-1980s. This paper pays full attention to the set of social policy programs which are currently being used to sustain the recent reversal in ages at retirement. The basic question to be raised here, however, is about whether or not the U. S. government will ave to continue to implement the social policies and programs used to discourage the elderly from retiring at relatively younger ages in the future. In this paper, it is argued that labor productivity growth and improvement in work attitude prior to retirement will help the elderly find little difficulties in having higher standard of living, despite their further lengthening of life expectancy at birth and post-retirement survival chances, the latter being often called the "third life". Most American people hope that the social-policy programs that have promoted early retirement will remain unchanged in the first part of the 21st century while they will put significant financial burden on their future descendants who have to work in the paid labor market. Taking this observation in consideration, this paper concludes that the U. S. government has to focus more on developing the programs that improve work propensity and labor productivity among the currently working-age population rather than continuing to implement the programs that sustain the recent reversal in retirement ages.ment ages.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to define the underserved emergency medical services (EMS) areas in Daejeon metropolitan city, as well as to identify their distinctive characteristics in public health perspectives. Methods: An underserved EMS area was operationally defined as an area in which it is difficult to arrive at an emergency medical center within 30 minutes. Using a cost-weighted distance algorithm with a geographic information system (GIS), the underserved EMS area was calculated. The characteristics of the underserved areas were analyzed by the Chi-square test. The SPSS statistical software package was used to perform the statistical analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twelve administrative sectors ('Dong' in Korean) were included in the underserved areas, accounting for a population of approximately 8,100 citizens. The relationships between underserved EMS area and populations of agriculture, fishery, and forestry; citizens who are recipients of national basic livelihood security program; disabled; or aged 65 or older were statistically significant. Conclusion: It was found that 12 administrative sectors were included in the underserved EMS areas. Revealing underserved EMS areas using GIS analysis based on a cost-weighted distance algorithm of road data was an effective analytic method. However, as this study was confined to Daejeon City, South Korea, a nation-wide study should be performed to provide a more accurate conclusion.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.433-445
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• 2012

Purpose: In order to validate empirically the theoretical model of this study subjects, who were limited in Andong gun, Youngyang gun, Uiseong gun, Bonghwa gun, Chilgok gun, Cheongsong gun according to residence-specified distribution and over aged 65, were focused to the elderly in rural areas with geographical characteristics where they have difficulties in accessibility of dental facilities and dental care. Methods: The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS 19.0 program. First, the frequency analysis was performed for each independent variable and the dependent variable. Second, reliability analysis and correlation analysis were conducted for daily living skills and Biomedical Vigilance. Third, multivariate analysis was performed in terms of and the post-administration management. Fourth, multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting the post-management of dentures and the period of using dentures. Results: By results of the multiple regression analysis, the elder the subjects are(${\beta}$ = 0.03), the lower their income activities are(${\beta}$ = -0.18), the smaller their monthly allowances are(${\beta}$ = -0.16), the worse their daily activity skills are(${\beta}$ = -0.12), the more they were mounted their dentures by an unlicensed contractor(${\beta}$ = 0.07), and the more they cost to their dentures(${\beta}$ = 0.14), the longer the period of use dentures are. And the beneficiaries of Basic Livelihood Security(${\beta}$ = -0.14) who got free denture business are shorten the period of using dentures. According to multiple regression analysis for post management of dentures, the independent variables like the health education(${\beta}$ = 0.24), smoking(${\beta}$ = -0.18), periodic oral examination(${\beta}$ = 0.13), dentures mounted by an unlicensed contractor(${\beta}$ = -0.13) are shown statistically significant results. In that study subjects are taking part in health education and non-smokers, they are likely to have more chances to post management for their dentures like periodic oral examination. However the subjects who were weared their denture by an unlicensed contractor get less chance to post management for their dentures. Conclusion: As the elderly who want to wear denture are increasing due to the denture insurance for the elderly, the need for oral health education for the elderly is an urgent request, especially continuos education for the way of use their dentures and follow-up management for the elderly who were already mounted their dentures. And also, the need for more systematic researches is requested for securing objective data.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3515-3519
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• 2016

Background: In Thailand, a national treatment protocol for childhood leukemia and lymphoma (LL) was implemented in 2006. Access to treatment has also improved with the National Health Security system. Since these innovations, survival of childhood LL has not been fully described. Materials and Methods: Trends and survival of children under 15 with childhood cancers diagnosed between 1993 and 2012 were investigated using the hospital-based data from the Khon Kaen Cancer Registry, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Childhood cancers were classified into 12 diagnostic groups, according to the ICCC based on the histology of the cancer. Survival rates were described by period, depending on the treatment protocol. For leukemias and lymphomas, survival was assessed for 3 periods (1993-99, 2000-5, 2006-12) while for solid tumors it was for 2 periods (before and after 2000). The impacts of sex, age, use of the national protocol, and catchment area on leukemia and lymphoma were evaluated. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method while the Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Trends were calculated using the R program. Results: A total of 2,343 childhood cancer cases were included. Survival for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from 1993-9, 2000-5, and 2006-12 improved significantly (43.7%, 64.6%, and 69.9%). This was to a lesser extent true for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) (28.1%, 42.0%, and 42.2%). Survival of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) also improved significantly (44%, 65.5%, and 86.8%) but not for Hodgkin disease (HD) (30.1%, 66.1%, and 70.6%). According to multivariate analysis, significant risk factors associated with poor survival in the ALL group were age under 1 and over 10 years, while not using the national protocol had hazard ratios (HR) of 1.6, 1.3, and 2.3 respectively. In NHL, only non-use of national protocols was a risk factor (HR 3.9). In ANLL and HD, none of the factors influenced survival. Survival of solid tumors (liver tumors, retinoblastomas) were significantly increased compared to after and before 2000 while survival for CNS tumors, neuroblastoma and bone tumors was not changed. Conclusions: The survival of childhood cancer in Thailand has markedly improved. Since implementation of national protocols, this is particularly the case for ALL and NHL. These results may be generalizable for the whole country.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.198-212
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• 2013

The objectives of the study are: 1) to explore the affecting factors on job search intention among expectant graduates from university and 2) to analyze their causal relationships. For the objectives, the Structural Equation Modeling was run using: AMOS 18.0 program. The analysis included total of 231 senior students from three national universities located in non-central regions. The main results are follows as: first, job search network showed a significant and positive indirect effect on job search intention implying the mediating roles of job search attitudes and job search efficacy. Second, job search attitudes and job search efficacy had positive and significant effects on job search intention. Third, job search constraints had a negative effect on job search attitudes, and job search network and job search constraints were positively associated with job search efficacy. Fourth, higher job search network and higher job search efficacy increased the levels of job search clarity, respectively. These results implied that the improvement of job search efficacy, positive attitudes toward job search and the security of social network for job are meed for expectant graduates from university.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.123-133
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• 2015

Purpose - The Korean government has devised intermodal transportation policies and granted subsidies to shippers and logistics companies that made a conversion of transportation means through the policies. This provides support by expanding the complex uniform railroad transportation and overhauling the deteriorated railroad facilities. As for 2013, however, the freight transportation percentage of railroad was 4.5% in tons and 8.5% in ton kilometers. Meanwhile, since the 1990s, developed countries such as the U.S. and Europe have been trying to expand intermodal freight transport with a legal and institutional support to build a logistics system corresponding with social and economic environmental changes. In this study, I set out to examine the effects of the intermodal freight transport policies in the EU and the U.S., and to explore the direction of setting up a rail intermodal transport system in South Korea. Research design, data, and methodology - The paper used a qualitative research methodology through the literature review. First, was an overview of Intermodal transportation in the EU, U.S. and UN. Second, it describes the development of transport in Europe and the U.S. with particular emphasis on intermodal freight transport. Third, it explores the direction of setting up a intermodal freight transport in South Korea. The last section contains concluding remarks. Results - As for the EU, it has been promoting integration between transport and intermodal logistics network designs while utilizing ITS or ICT and supports for rail freight intermodal by giving reduction to a facilities fee or subsidizing for rail freight in order to minimize the cost of external due to freight transport. On the other hand, as for the U.S., it has been made up of an industrial-led operating project and has been promoting it to improve accessibility between intermodal hubs and cargo terminals through intermodal corridor program, and an intermodal cargo hub access corridor projects, etc. Moreover, it has tried to construct intermodal transport system using ITS or ICT and to remove Barrier. As a result, in these countries, the proportion of intermodal freight transport is going to be the second significant transport compared with rail and maritime transport. An Effective rail intermodal transport system is needed in South Korea, as seen in the case of these countries. In order to achieve this object, the following points are required to establish radical infrastructure policy; diversify investment financing measures taken under public-private partnerships, legal responsibilities, improvement of utilization of existing facilities to connect the railway terminal and truck terminal, and enhancement service competitiveness through providing cargo tracking and security information that combines the ITS and ICT. Conclusions - This study will be used as a basis for policy and support for intermodal freight transport in South Korea. In the future, it is also necessary to examine from the perspective of the shipper companies using the rail intermodal transport, ie, recognition of shipper, needed institutional supports, and transportation demand forecasting and cost-effective analysis of the railway infrastructure systems improvement.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.344-356
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• 2009

To identify subjective health status of senior citizens' oral health following senior citizens' general characteristics and knowledge and behavior for the oral hygiene, this research conducted individual interview with 237 senior citizens in some parts of Seoul. The results are as follows. 1. Degree of senior citizens' knowledge on the oral hygiene is about Middle. Among the categories on the senior citizens' knowledge on the oral hygiene, teeth's brushing was the highest while knowledge on fluorine was the lowest. 2. Senior citizens who feel that their oral health is healthy when it comes to the subjective health state of senior citizens' oral health following behavior for the oral hygiene, brush their teeth, three times in a day, for more than three minutes (p<.01). Moreover, senior citizens who feel that their oral health is healthy brush different corners of the tongue when brushing (p<.01). 3. In case of knowledge on the oral hygiene following general characteristics, knowledge on the oral hygiene was higher when economic status was higher (p<.01). In case of living expenses, knowledge on the oral hygiene was higher for the senior citizens with pay or income (p<.01). 4. In case of behavior for the oral hygiene, women tended to act for the oral hygiene more than men. As for the method for raising living expenses, senior citizens who receive basic social security check or those at the highest tier tended to act less for the oral hygiene (p<.01). 5. Senior citizens who answered that their oral health is healthy when it comes to the subjective health state of senior citizens' oral cavity tended to have high knowledge on the oral hygiene (p<.01). In conclusion, subjective health status of senior citizens' oral health is higher when the knowledge on the oral hygiene and behavior for the oral hygiene are higher. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop and execute oral hygiene training program to change senior citizens' behavior incrementally and the dental hygienists who can conduct this training should be actively attracted into the senior citizens' oral hygiene training.