• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2005

We prepared nickel silicide layers from p-Si(l00)/SiO₂(2000 Å)/poly-Si(700 Å)/Ni(400 Å) structures, feasible for gates in MOSFETs, by annealing them from 500℃～900℃ for 30 minutes. We measured the color coordination in visible range, cross sectional micro-structure, and surface topology with annealing temperature by an UV-VIS-IR spectrometer, field effect scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM), and scanning probe micro-scope respectively. We conclude that we may identify the nickel silicide by color difference of 0.90 and predict the silicide process reliability by color coordination measurement. The nickel silicide layers showed similar thickness while the columnar grains size and surface roughness increased as annealing temperature increased.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2007

Purpose: The role of sex role identity types and health promoting behaviors in relation to premenstrual symptoms and interrelatedness among the three variables were examined. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was employed with 327 female university students. KSRI, HPLP, and MDQ were used as measurement tools. Results: Four types of sex role identities were classified; undifferentiated(33.7%), androgyny (32.7%), masculinity(16.8%), and femininity(16.8%) in order. Premenstrual symptoms(F=3.11, p= .027) and health promoting behaviors(F=12.74, p= .000) were significantly different by sex role identity types. As determinants of premenstrual symptoms, health promoting behaviors for all subjects, stress coping for the feminine type, and interpersonal relationships for the undifferentiated type were identified. In discriminating between the feminine type and undifferentiated type, premenstrual symptoms and self responsibility were shown as significant factors. Conclusion: Interrelatedness among sex role identity, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual symptoms imply the importance of a psychosocial aspect in premenstrual symptoms. Therefore, these three variables should be applied more specifically for nursing assessment and management of women having premenstrual symptoms.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.259-267
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• 2005

In an attempt to elucidate combustion mechanism or premixed spray flame in detail, both the enlarged photographing, which was performed for spray cross-sectional images of premixed spray flame, and the cross-correlation PIV, which was performed for consecutive time-series images to obtain instantaneous two dimensional flow field, were applied. This study indicated that CW laser as well as pulse laser could be applied for PIV. Furthermore, the results of cross-correlation PIV, which was self-made PIV program, was shown in good agreement with those of PDA. Therefore, it was verified that cross-correlation PIV using CW laser in this study could be effectively used for observing structure of premixed spray flame.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to select an ingredient acting as a natural emulsifier to retard the retrogradation of rice cake by the measurement of mechanical characteristics of the cakes. For the purpose, Backsulgi, the most basic type of rice cake, was prepared by adding various ingredients having high contents of lecithin such as raw soybean powder, parched soybean powder, soybean oil, egg yolk powder, and the measurements and observations on the chromaticity, swelling power, pore ratio and cross-section were made. In addition, changes in the textural characteristics of Backsulgi samples were determined while storing them at the temperatures of 4$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. The results of the study were as follows: 1. In terms of chromaticity, the Backsulgi samples added with egg yolk powder, raw soybean flour and parched soybean flour were higher in yellowness(b) than the controls. 2. Both swelling power and pore ratio of Backsulgies added with raw soybean flour were higher than those of controls. 3. A cross-sectional observation using an electron microscope indicated that rice flour particles of controls had uneven pores and were conglomerated in a large lump while Backsulgi samples of raw soybean flour or roasted soybean flour had large and even pores and showed loosened bonding to be transformed into a sponge shape. 4. In hardness, Backsulgi samples added with raw soybean flour had less changes in hardness than that of controls, indicating that the effect of retarding retrogradation was higher when the storage time got longer.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2016

The local heat transfer and pressure drops of developed turbulent flows in the convergent channels with square cross-sectional areas along the streamwise distance have been investigated experimentally. Four different parallel angled ribs (a = $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$) are placed to the one sided wall only, respectively. The ribbed walls are manufactured with a fixed rib height (e)=10 mm and the ratio of rib spacing (p) to height (e) = 10. The measurement was run within the range of Reynolds numbers from 22,000 to 79,000. The result shows that the increases in the Nusselt numbers for the flow attack angles can be seen in the order of $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of life related to fall experiences in chronic stroke patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 117 patients with stroke from 3 hospitals in D metropolitan city. General characteristics, including fall experiences and quality of life, were assessed through a face-to-face interviews conducted in a quiet place using a questionnaire. Measurement of quality of life in stroke patients was conducted using the Korean Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL). To identify the SS-QOL items related to fall experiences, the items of the SS-QOL were considered as independent variables, and the variables that were significantly different according to fall experiences were identified using a univariate analysis. A binary logistic regression was then performed using fall experiences as the independent variable. RESULTS: According to the univariate analysis, self help activities, social role, and upper extremity function were significantly lower in the fall group than that in the non-fall group (p<.05). The findings of the binary logistic regression confirmed that social roles and upper extremity function were the SS-QOL items that were related to fall experience in chronic stroke patients. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that social roles and upper extremity function may be risk factors for fall experience in patients with chronic stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the scales measuring adolescent depression. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using CES-D and RADS-2-K as sales measuring adolescent depression. The participants were 1,217 adolescents from two middle schools located in South Korea. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0. All the items included in the two instruments were analysed through content analysis. Results: The study revealed that the two instruments produced different results in the number of depressive students, depression levels according to subjects' characteristics, and item distribution based on content analysis. The total number of the students belonging to the depression group was 194, including 132 from CES-D and 183 from RADS-2-K. Based on the content analysis covering two categories, general and adolescent depression, the study determined fifteen subcategories in the items of the two scales. Conclusion: In this study, CES-D showed less sensitivity than RADS-2-K in depression levels according to factors relevant to adolescent depression, and both scales had no item for three subcategories of adolescent depression and one subcategory of general depression. The researcher suggests that further studies to evaluate the validity of adolescent depression scales will be useful for helping adolescents with depression.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.154-159
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• 2008

This study proposes how to decide mean velocity which is one of the very important and efficient discharge measurement in water resources area. In order to achieve this goal, Chiu's velocity distribution equation recently developed from the probability and entropy concepts is used to establish, analyze and compare a linkage between the mean velocity obtained from the Manning's equation which is well known in the world. Besides, it becomes clear that a channel cross section also has a propensity to establish and maintain an equilibrium state that can be measured and classified by a function of entropy M, ratio of mean and maximum velocities irrespective of including sediment or varied channel slope. Therefore, The linkage to be established in this study can be used to compute the cross sectional velocity distribution with the maximum velocity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1345_1346
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• 2009

In this study, transparent and conductive Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were prepared on glass substrate by RF magnetron sputtering method using an Al-doped ZnO target (Al: 2wt.%) at room temperature as the thickness of 150 nm. We investigated the effects of the RF power between 100~350 W in the steps of 50 W on structural, electrical and optical properties of AZO films. The thickness and cross-sectional images of films were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and all of the films were kept to be constant about 150 nm on glass substrate. The grain size of AZO films figured out X-ray diffraction (XRD) on using the Scherrer' equation and their electrical properties investigated Hall effect electronic transport measurement system. Moreover, we measured transmittance of AZO films by UV/VIS spectrometer.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1453-1463
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• 1999

An electromagnetic flowmeter, based on a magnetic induction principle; provides an obstructionless flowmeter that essentially averages the velocity distribution over the pipe cross-sectional area. To predict the installation effects, the flowmeter installed near $90^{\circ}$ elbow is simulated by using a commercial code FLUENT(ver. 4.48) for the laminar flow field and a code developed through this study for magnetic field. The installation effects of the flowmeter are estimated by varying a number of the dependent parameters such as the radius of the elbow(Rc=1D, 1.5D, 2D, 3D), the location, Reynolds number and the direction of electrodes plane(${\varphi}$). It was found that all these factors affect the performance of the electromagnetic flowmeter significantly. The longer installation distance from the elbow is not always optimal to minimize the error, and also there exists an optimal location to install the EMF for a minimum error. Especially the flow signal with the electrodes plane direction of ${\varphi}=45^{\circ}$ is shown to yield smallest measurement error regardless of the Reynolds number and the curvature of elbow.