• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.spc1
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• pp.236-241
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• 2006

We measured the secondary production of the amphipod Monocorophium acherusicum Costa in a seagrass bed (Zostera marina L.) in Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea. M. acherusicum biomass was positively correlated (P<0.05) with seagrass standing crop, suggesting that there were biological interactions between the two species. M. acherusicum displays two main breeding periods per year: spring (March to April) and fall (October to November). M. acherusicum biomass in the spring breeding periods was higher than in the fall. Annual secondary production of M. acherusicum was 3.54 g DW/$m^2$/yr with an annual P/B ratio of 3.48. Secondary production and the P/B ratio of M. acherusicum were lower than those observed for other amphipods inhabiting seagrass beds. These results suggest that biological interactions between M. acherusicum and seagrass, as well as dietary competition with other amphipods can potentially cause declines in secondary production and the P/B ratio.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.257-265
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• 2009

We estimated monthly and annual secondary productivity of pelagic zooplankton in Lake Paldang and Lake Cheongpyong. Secondary productivity was calculated by combining estimated zooplankton biomass and biomass-specific productivity for each site and depth from March to November 2008. In addition to somatic production, we measured production of eggs and exuviae for three dominant species: Daphnia galeata, Bosmina longirostris, Cyclops sp. In terms of biomass, B. longirostris was dominant in Lake Paldang in April and May, B. longirostris showed explosive biomass growth, especially in May. In June and July, B. longirostris and D. galeata were both dominant. Lake Cheongpyeong showed much lower zooplankton biomass than Lake Paldang. In August, there was little or no biomass in both lakes probably due to heavy rain. The Gyeongan River contributed most of the secondary productivity and B. longirostris contributed the most secondary productivity in Lake Paldang. D. galeata also contributed in the Gyeongan River, the South Han River and at the Paldang Dam in spring and fall. Overall, Lake Cheongpyeong showed lower secondary productivity than Lake Paldang. B. longirostris made the largest contribution to secondary productivity in the Cheongpyeong Dam area while D. galeata contributed the most near Nami Island. Somatic production constituted ~80% of the total secondary productivity (the sum of somatic, egg and exuvia production) for D. galeata and B. longirostris. Although production-to-biomass (P/B) ratios were usually <<1 B. longirostris sometimes showed very high P/B ratios, probably due to fish predation. D. galeata showed much lower P/B ratios than B. longirostris after the summer at most sites.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2020

Genome mining has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to discover novel microbial secondary metabolites. However, more than 50% of biosynthetic gene clusters are not transcribed under standardized laboratory culture condition. Several methods have been applied to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters in the microbes so far. Among the regulatory systems for production of secondary metabolites, global regulators, which affect transcription of genes through regulatory cascades, typically govern the production of small molecules. In this review, global regulators to affect production of microbial secondary metabolites were discussed.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 2012

An experiment was carried out to boost the production of tasar crops through application of secondary nutrients. Different combinations of secondary nutrients were prepared and its effect was studied on the yield and quality of leaves of tasar food plant Terminalia tomentosa W & A with 2.4 m ${\times}$ 2.4 m spacing and cocoon characters of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury reared on them. Among different combinations of secondary nutrients, foliar application of magnesium sulphate (2%, w/v) and basal application of 3 quintal/ha of calcium carbonate (secondary nutrient combination SM5) was found to be the best in crop improvement. It improves the quantity and quality of leaves as well as the commercial characters of cocoons. As a result, silk production improves. Under this combination, leaf yield increased by 26.55% in comparison to control. Average increase in moisture, total mineral, crude protein and total carbohydrate was 3.26%, 20.84%, 15.39% and 17.85% respectively as compared with control. Further, bio assay studies revealed that average larval weight, E.R.R., cocoon weight, shell weight and silk ratio percent increased by 11.25%, 25.71%, 20.05%, 35.14% and 12.17% respectively over control which indicates that secondary nutrient combination $SM_5$ has significant role in improving the production of tasar crops.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2010

Life cycle and secondary production of Nymphs of Nemoura gemma Ham and Lee were estimated by using specimens collected from a stream in Mt. Jumbong in the central Korean peninsula. N. gemma in the study stream was univoltine. Youngest nymphs were collected in April. They appeared to grow continuously until the emergence in early spring next year. The cohort production interval for the species was estimated as 399 days. The annual secondary production (ash free dry weight) estimated by removal-summation and the size-frequency methods were 582 and $786\;mg\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Gut content analysis showed that N. gemma was a shredder.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.2066-2070
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• 2007

It was found that Shinorhizobium meliloti hemoprotein (SM) was more effective than Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (Vhb) in promoting secondary metabolites production when overexpressed in Streptomyces lividans TK24. The transformant with sm (sm-transformant) produced 2.7-times and 3-times larger amounts of actinorhodin than the vhb-transformant in solid culture and flask culture, respectively. In both solid and flask cultures, a larger amount of undecylprodigiocin was produced by the sm-transformant. It is considered that the overexpression of SM especially has activated the pentose phosphate pathway through oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increased NADPH production observed, and that it has promoted secondary metabolites biosynthesis.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.40-56
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• 1995

During the past two decades, China has seen her great progress in plant biotechnology. Since the Chinese market of herb medicine is huge, while the plant resources are shrinking, particular emphasis has been placed in plant tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants, this includes fast propagation, protoplast isolation and regeneration, cell suspension cultures and large scale fermentation. To optimize culture conditions for producing secondary compounds in vitro, various media, additives and elicitors have been tested. Successful examples of large scale culture for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis are quite limited : Lithospermum ery throrhizon and Arnebia euchroma for shikonin derivatives, Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolium for saponins, and a few other medicinal plants. Recent development of genetic transformation systems of plant cells offered a new approach to in vitro production of secondary compounds. Hairy root induction and cultures, by using Ri-plasmid, have been reported from a number of medicinal plant species, such as Artemisia annua that produces little artemisinin in normal cultured cells, and from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. In the coming five years, Chinese scientists will continue their work on large scale cell cultures of a few of selected plant species, including Taxus spp. and A. annua, for the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal interests, one or two groups of scientists will be engaged in molecular cloning of the key enzymes in plant secondary metabolism.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.305-308
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• 2002

Decursinol angelate, a new anticancer agent, was produced by root cultures of Angelica gigas Nakai. In addition, difference of specific yields between primary and secondary root was investigated. It was found that specific yield of secondary root was much higher than that of primary root at various conditions, so that it was thought that the formation and growth of secondary root were feasible. From this point of view, effects of root segmentation and plant growth regulators (NAA, IBA) on root morphology and decursinol angelate production were examined. Root segmentation increased secondary root mass and product formation. On the other hand, addition of NAA or IBA at various concentrations promoted secondary root formation and production of decursinol angelate significantly. Five-fold increase of production was obtained at 4 mg/L of IBA compared to control without NAA and IBA.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.1754-1761
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• 2024

In hadrontherapy, secondary fragments are generated by nuclear interactions of the incident heavy ion beam with the atomic nuclei of the target. It is important to determine the yield of production and the dose contribution of these secondary fragments in order to determine the radiobiological effectiveness more accurately. This work aims to fully identify the secondary fragments generated by nuclear interactions of proton and helium (⁴He) ion beams in a High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) target and to investigate the dose contributions by secondary fragments. Incident protons with energies of 55.90 MeV and 105.20 MeV and helium ions with energies of 52.55 MeV/u and 103.50 MeV/u in the HDPE phantom have been investigated by the means of Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Simulated results were validated using NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) Bragg curves experimental data. The results showed that the dose contribution of secondary fragments deriving from helium ion beams is three times higher than in the case of proton beams. This is due to a higher production of nuclear fragments in the case of helium ion beams. This work contributes to a better understanding of secondary fragments generated by protons and helium ions in the HDPE target.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.507-521
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• 2014

A phase variation has been reported in an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Compared with a wild-type primary form, a secondary form usually loses several physiological and biochemical characters. This study showed that the phase variation of X. nematophila caused a significant alteration in its immunosuppressive activity and subsequent entomopathogenicity. A secondary form of X. nematophila was detected in laboratory colonies and exhibited significant differences in dye absorption and entomopathogenicity. In addition, the secondary form was different in its production of eicosanoid-biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) compared with the primary form of X. nematophila. Production of oxindole and p-hydroxypropionic acid was significantly reduced in the culture broth of the secondary form of X. nematophila. The reduced EBI production resulted in significant suppression in the inhibitory effects on cellular nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity. Culture broth of the primary form of X. nematophila enhanced the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt) significantly more than the culture broth of the secondary form. Furthermore, this study developed a highly efficient "Dual Bt-Plus: to control both lepidopteran insect pests Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua, by mixing two effective Bt strains along with the addition of potent bacterial metabolites or 100-fold concentrated X. nematophila culture broth.