• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.109-114
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• 2003

It is the common practice to reinforce excessively the secondary tunnel lining due to the lack of rational insights into the ground loosening loads. The main load of the secondary lining for drained-type tunnels is the ground loosening. The main cause of the load for secondary tunnel lining is the deterioration of the primary support members such as shotcrete, steel ribs, and rockbolts. Accordingly, the development of the analysis model to consider the ground-primary supports-secondary lining interaction is very important for the rational design of the secondary tunnel lining. In this paper, the interaction is conceptually described by the simple mass-spring model and the load transfer from the primary supports to the ground and the secondary lining is showed by the characteristic curves including the secondary lining reaction curve for the theoretical solution of a circular tunnel. And also, the application of this model to numerical analysis is verified in order to review the potential tool for practical tunnel problems with the complex conditions like non-circular shaped tunnels, multi-layered ground, sequential excavation and so on.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

터널 2차라이닝은 지반하중의 합리적인 산정기준의 부재와 보수적 경향의 지반이완하중법이 적용되고 있기 때문에 과다한 경향으로 보강되고 있는 실정이다. 2차라이닝에 고려되는 주요하중으로는 지반이완하중과 수압을 들 수 있으며, 배수터널의 경우에는 지반하중이 가장 큰 하중이 된다. 터널 주변 지반에 별도의 외력이 작용하지 않는다면, 2차라이닝에 작용하는 하중의 직접적인 원인은 1차지보재의 지지력 저하이다. 따라서, 2차라이닝의 설계시에는 지반과 1차지보재와의 상호작용을 고려한 합리적인 해석방법이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 단순한 질량-스프링 모델을 통하여 지반-1차지보재-2차라이닝의 상호작용을 개념적 모델로 설명하였으며, 이를 원형터널에 대한 이론해석을 통하여 지반-1차지보재-2차라이닝 의 상호작용에 대한 하중전이 특성을 입증하였다. 그리고, 복잡한 터널해석조건에 대한 본 모델의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 수치해석법의 적용성을 검증하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.33-47
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• 2015

터널에 시공되는 콘크리트라이닝은 1차지보재의 열화를 가정하여 상부로부터 오는 하중을 부담할 수 있도록 설계하는 2차지보재로서, 설계자나 발주기관(client)의 의도에 따라 많은 차이를 나타내고 있다. 특히 풍화암이나 풍화토에 적용하는 지보패턴 4, 5패턴의 콘크리트라이닝 두께를 결정하는 변형계수값을 3패턴에 비해 크게 작은 값을 사용해 보수적으로 설계하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 이런 현재의 여건을 감안 컴퓨터 프로그램(MIDAS-civil)을 사용 역해석을 실시하여 적정한 시공방안을 제시하고자하며, 본 연구를 위해 검토한 기존 프로젝트는 서울지하철 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$호선 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$공구의 시공사례를 활용하였다. 검토결과 콘크리트 라이닝 두께는 축소할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며 이를 향후 서울시 도시철도 건설사업에 적용할 경우 경제적인 효과도 클 것으로 기대하고 있다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4C호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

현재 NATM 터널의 설계 시 지반하중을 시공중에는 숏크리트, 강지보재 및 록볼트로 구성된 1차지보재가 부담하고, 장기적으로 1차지보재는 기능을 상실하고 2차지보재인 콘크리트라이닝이 부담하는 것으로 간주하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나, 지반조건이 불량한 경우에 적용되는 강지보재는 숏크리트로 피복되어 있어 부식가능성이 작으므로 장기적으로 기능이 완전히 손실된다는 것은 지나치게 보수적인 개념이다. 숏크리트의 경우에도 장기적으로 열화가 진행되는 것은 사실이지만 하중지지 능력이 완전히 손실된다고 간주하는 것 역시 매우 보수적인 개념이다. 본 연구에서는 이론식 및 수치해석을 통하여 1차지보재가 장기적으로 지지할 수 있다고 판단되는 합리적인 지보압과 허용 이완하중고를 산정하였으며, 산정된 1차지보재의 지보압을 고려하였을 경우 콘크리트라이닝의 단면력 변화에 대하여 분석하였다. 검토 지반조건은 지하철 저토피터널을 대상으로 하였으며 주변 지반조건은 풍화암과 연암인 경우에 대하여 분석하였다. 검토결과 강지보재의 지보압을 고려할 경우 콘크리트라이닝의 경제적인 설계가 가능한 것으로 분석되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.571-581
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• 2024

Concrete linings in tunnels constructed by drilling and blasting such as NATM serve as a secondary support structure. However, these linings can face unexpected earth pressures if the primary support deteriorates or if ground conditions become unfavorable. It is crucial to determine the loosening earth pressure that allows the lining to maintain its structural integrity and prevent damage caused by this pressure. This study proposes a numerical model for simulating the trapdoor test and developing a method for calculating the loosening earth pressure. The discrete element method (DEM) was employed to describe the soil characteristics around the tunnel. Using this numerical model, a sequence of experimental trapdoor steps was simulated, and the loosening earth pressure was analyzed. Contact parameters were calibrated based on an analysis of a triaxial compression test. The reliability of the developed model was confirmed through a comparison between simulation results and laboratory test findings. The model was used to calculate the contact force applied to the trapdoor plate and to assess the settlement of soil particles. Furthermore, the model accounted for the soil-arching effect, which effectively redistributes the load to the surrounding areas. The proposed model can be applied to analyze the tunnel's cross-sectional dimensions and design stability under various ground conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.395-409
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• 2023

Long-span suspension bridges have tunnel anchor systems to maintain stable cables. More investigations are required to determine how closely tunnel excavation beneath the tunnel anchor impacts the stability of the tunnel anchor. In order to investigate the impact of the adjacent tunnel's excavation on the stability of the tunnel anchor, a large-span suspension bridge tunnel anchor is utilised as an example in a three-dimensional numerical simulation approach. In order to explore the deformation control mechanism, orthogonal tests are employed to pinpoint the major impacting elements. The construction of an advanced pipe shed, strengthening the primary support. Moreover, according to the findings the grouting reinforcement of the surrounding rock, have a significant control effect on the settlement of the tunnel vault and plug body. However, reducing the lag distance of the secondary lining does not have such big influence. The greatest way to control tunnel vault settling is to use the grout reinforcement, which increases the bearing capacity and strength of the surrounding rock. This greatly minimizes the size of the tunnel excavation disturbance area. Advanced pipe shed can not only increase the surrounding rock's bearing capacity at the pipe shed, but can also prevent the tunnel vault from connecting with the disturbance area at the bottom of the anchorage tunnel, reduce the range of shear failure area outside the anchorage tunnel, and have the best impact on the plug body's settlement control.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.253-266
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• 2021

The sufficient early strength of primary support is crucial for stabilizing the surroundings, especially for the tunnels constructed in soil. This paper introduces the Steel-Concrete Composite Support System (SCCS), a new support with high bearing capacity and flexible, rapid construction. The bearing characteristics and construction performance of SCCS were systematically studied using a three-dimensional numerical model. A sensitivity analysis was also performed. It was found that the stress of a π-shaped steel arch decreased with an increase in the thickness of the wall, and increased linearly with an increase in the rate of stress release. In the horizontal direction of the arch section, the nodal stresses of the crown and the shoulder gradually increased in longitudinally, and in the vertical direction, the nodal stresses gradually decreased from top to bottom. The stress distribution at the waist, however, was opposite to that at the crown and the shoulder. By analyzing the stress of the arch section under different installation gaps, the sectional stress evolution was found to have a step-growth trend at the crown and shoulder. The stress evolution at the waist is more likely to have a two-stage growth trend: a slow growth stage and a fast growth stage. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses of the secondary lining supported by SCCS were reduced on average by 38.0% and 49.0%, respectively, compared with the traditional support. The findings can provide a reference for the supporting technology in tunnels driven in loess.