• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

To investigate the variations of physico-chemical factors and microbial population, in ten stations at water region of coastal area of Chagwi-Do, Nutritive salts, water temperature, transparency, suspended solid, salinity, COD, DO, pH, heterotrophic bacteria, coliform group and Vibrio spp. were analysed three times in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005. Heterotrophic bacteria in surface water was $3.5X10^1{\sim}1.16X10^3cfu/ml,\;1.0X10^2{\sim}5.2X10^1cfu/ml\;2.0X10^1{\sim}7.6X10^1cfu/ml$ and bottom water counted $7.0X10^2{\sim}1.0X10^3cfu/ml,\;1.4X10^1{\sim}2.5X10^2cfu/ml\;2.0X10^2{\sim}4.2X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively. The cell number of total coliform bacteria in the surface water amounted to $0{\sim}4.3X10^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}6.0X10^1cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}1.0X10^1cfu/ml$ and bottom water amounted $0{\sim}2.2X10^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}5.4X0^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}2.0X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively. As for Vibrio spp., the cell number in the surface water was $1.0X10^1{\sim}2.5X10^2cfu/ml,\;1.0X10^1{\sim}2.0X10^1cfu/ml,\;0cfu/ml$ and bottom water counted $1.0X10^1{\sim}5.2X10^2cfu/ml,\;0cfu/ml,\;2.0X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find a useful marker for gene polymorphism analysis using Microsatellite marker (MS marker) in Gyeongju Donggyeong dog. Twenty three MS marker analyzed the genetic features of DNA using 100 Gyeongju Donggyeong dogs in Gyeongju area. It was performed multiplex PCR with 3 set primer divided 9, 10 and 4 by analysis of conditions among MS markers. The results were calculated heterozygosity, polymorphic information content (PIC), allele frequency and number of allele at each locus using Microsatellite Toolkit software and Cervus 3.0 program. Total 148 alleles were genotyped to determine and average 6.43 alleles was detected. FH3381 had the highest of 15 alleles and FH2834 had the lowest of 2 alleles. Expected heterozygosity had a wide range from 0.282 to 0.876 and had average value of 0.6496. Also, Observed heterozygosity had a more wide range from 0.200 to 0.950 and had average value of 0.6404. PIC had range from 0.262 to 0.859 and average PIC was calculated 0.606. Especially, FH2998 represented the highest rate of observed heterozygosity of 0.950 and FH3381 represented the highest rate of expected heterozygosity of 0.876 and PIC of 0.859. The use of these markers was considered to be useful to study genetic traits of Gyeongju Donggyeong dog.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

The effects of electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and organic solderability preservative (OSP) surface finishes on the in-situ intermetallics reaction and the electromigration (EM) reliability of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder bump were systematically investigated. After as-bonded, $(Cu,Ni)_6Sn_5$ intermetallic compound (IMC) was formed at the interface of the ENIG surface finish at solder top side, while at the OSP surface finish at solder bottom side,$ Cu_6Sn_5$ and $Cu_3Sn$ IMCs were formed. Mean time to failure on SAC305 solder bump at $130^{\circ}C$ with a current density of $5.0{\times}10^3A/cm^2$ was 78.7 hrs. EM open failure was observed at bottom OSP surface finish by fast consumption of Cu atoms when electrons flow from bottom Cu substrate to solder. In-situ scanning electron microscope analysis showed that IMC growth rate of ENIG surface finish was much lower than that of the OSP surface finish. Therefore, EM reliability of ENIG surface finish was higher than that of OSP surface finish due to its superior barrier stability to IMC reaction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

Contents of heavy metals [mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)] in 218 samples including soybean curds (n = 138), processed bean curds (n = 37), starch jellies (n = 33), and mixed starch jellies (n = 10) were determined using mercury analyzer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP). Ranges and means of heavy metals in soybean curds and starch jellies were as follows [min-max (mean) values]: soybean curds -Hg $0.1-8.2(0.3)$, Pb not detectable (ND)-203.9(23.3),\ Cd ND-46.0 (8.1), and As ND-61.3 (0.7)${\mu}g/kg$, starch jellies-Hg 0.1-1.3(0.3)${\mu}g/kg$, Pb ND-90.2(22.4)${\mu}g/kg$, Cd ND-31.0(3.7) and As ND-23.6(1.1)${\mu}g/kg$. Daily intakes of Hg, Pb, and Cd from soybean curds and starch jellies were 0.001-0.3% of Provisional tolerable weekly intake established by FAO/WHO.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.283-289
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the annual population variation and identification of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the lower artificial Lake Geumgang from January to December, 2002. Samples were taken from the surface waters at 3 stations near the estuarine barrage. The results were as follows; the population densities of heterotrophic bacteria varied from 4.1±1.0×10² to 6.7±1.1×10³ cfu ml/sup -1/ during the investigation periods. The population densities of antibiotic-resistant bacteria ranged from 1.5±0.7×10 to 4.3±0.3×10³ cfu ml/sup -1/ for ampicillin; from 0 to 6.4±0.4× 10² cfu ml/sup -1/ for chloramphenicol; from 0 to 2.8±0.3×10³ cfu ml/sup -1/ for gentamicin; from 0 to 4.5±1.0×10³ cfu ml/sup -1/ for kanamycin; and from 1.0±0.4 × 10 to 2.3±0.5×10³ cfu ml/sup -1/ for streptomycin, respectively. Of the sixty isolates, 90% were Gram negative. Dominant genera by 16S rDNA analysis were identified Aeromonas spp. (14 strains), Bacillus spp. (6 strains), Enterobacter spp. (4 strains), and Stenotrophomonas spp. (6 strains). These strains were clustered into 12 groups based on relatedness by average linkage method. Of the 60 isolates, 85% had the resistance to ampicilin and 32% were shown resistance to more than 2 kinds of antibiotics.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.476-480
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine the optimum storage temperatures of six fruit nurseries ('Fuji' apple, 'Niitaka' pear, 'Sheridan' grape, 'Yumyoung' peach, 'Fuyu' persimmon, and 'Hayward' kiwifruit) from 1995 to 1997. Nursery plants were planted in field after storage at -5, 0, and $5^{\circ}C$ for one year. Nurseries stored at $0^{\circ}C$ showed highest survival rate and growth after planting. The survival rate of 'Sheridan' grape and 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery plants stored at $-5^{\circ}C$ was 0%. Cold resistance of the two fruit nursery plants appeared weaker than others. Also, 'Niitaka' pear nursery plants stored at $5^{\circ}C$ showed significantly high survival rate and growth after planting. The higher storage temperature, the lower mineral and carbohydrate contents of nursery plants. Therefore, $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ in 'Niitaka' pear and near $0^{\circ}C$ in other five fruit nursery stocks were found to be the optimum storage temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.514-518
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• 1992

The present study has been perromed to investigate the optimal conditions for protoplast formation and regeneration of oleandomycin-producing Streptomyces antibioticus (S. antibioticus) KCTC 1081. Mycelia were grown in YME medium containing 0.2% (w/v) glycine and converted into the protoplast by incubating at 35.deg.C for 60 minutes in protoplast buffer (P buffer) containing 4 mg/ml lysozyme. The reversion of protoplasts to the normal filamentous state was examined by the growth on various synthetic agar media. A high reversion rate was obtained by incubating the protoplasts on a hypertonic agar medium containing 20 mM $Mg^{++}$, 5 mM $Ca^{++}$ and 0.3 M sucrose at 28.deg.C for 5 days. From these experiments, we established the improved regeneration medium and a protocol which supports higher and more consistent levels of regeneration of S. antibioticus protoplasts. The regenerant showed an increased antimicrobial activity compared with that of the initial strain.n.n.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.14-22
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• 1983

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term paraquat treatment without insecticides on the enhancement in oleoresin of pitch pine (Pinus rigida M.) at various distances from the wound height. The trees were treated with 0.5, 2 and 4% paraquat solutions using the bore-hole technique. Duplicate cores from treated and untreated sides of treated trees were made at 5 height levels (-0.3, 0.0, 0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 m above the wound height) at 3 months after treatment. The alcohol-benzene extractives based on unextracted oven-dry cores were taken as oleoresin contents. The results were as follows: 1. The effect of oleoresin enhancement at wound height were not affected by paraquat concentration. 2. Ascending distance of the enhancing effects above the wound height was directly related to paraquat concentration. Only in 4% paraquat treated trees, the effect extended to 1.5 m above the wound height. 3. As a result of examining descending distance of the enhancing effects at 0.3 m below the wound height, the effects extended to there in 4% and 2% paraquat treated trees.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The present study was prospectively designed to assess the clinical effect of leukocyte-depleted blood cardioplegic solution (BCS) on myocardium during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). 30 adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were divided into control group (n＝15), which infused routine BCS, and leukocyte-depleted (LD) group (n＝15), which infused leukocyte-depleted BCS. Total and differential leukocyte counts in BCS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and troponin-T (TnT) concentrations in coronary sinus blood, and cardiac index (CI) were measured at preoperative and postoperative period. The BCS in LD group had less total leukocyte counts with neutropenia than that in control group (P＜0.01). MDA (3.70$\pm$0.35 vs 5.90$\pm$0.57 $\mu$mol/L, p<0.05) and TnT (0.42$\pm$0.03 vs 0.60$\pm$0.09 ng/mL, p<0.05) were significantly low in LD group compared with control group, while LD group had higher CI (3.28$\pm$0.16 L/min/$m^2$, p<0.05) than control group (2.69$\pm$0.18 L/min/$m^2$). These results suggest that leukocyte-depleted blood cardioplegic solution has a better myocardial protective effect with less generations of oxygen free radicals and ischemia/reperfusion injury.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.260-265
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Electron Beam irradiation on physico-chemical characteristics of Hanwoo meat. A total of sir beef carcasses $(280{\sim}300\;kg)$ that were quality grade $1^+$(marbling score No. 7, meat color No. 4, maturity No. 1, texture No. 1) was purchased at the commercial slaughter house. The carcasses were transported and washed using high pressure water, and pasteurized with 50% ethyl alcohol in the laboratory. After the carcasses were deboned and trimmed, loin and round were taken out to make steak (1.5 cm thickness) or patty respectively. Samples were wrap or vacuum packaged and irradiated with 0, 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 kGy using electron-beam accelerator. Irradiated samples were used to measure pH, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and meat color. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in pH between vacuum packaged (VP) and wrap packaged (WP) treatment, and the pH was not changed by electron-beam irradiation levels. Both control and irradiated treatments of steak showed higher tendency in moisture content. In crude protein content, control was higher than irradiated treatment in steak, but there were no difference in patty. Lightness ($L^{\ast}$) of meat color has no difference between irradiated and non-irradiated treatment (p>0.05). The value of redness and Yellowness of meat was dropped by increasing irradiation (p<0.05), but there was no difference between control and 3 kGy treatment (p<0.05).