• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of foot-bath on fatigue of nursing students in clinical practice. method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups and data collection was conducted from June to August 2001. For the experimental group the foot-bath was performed once a day for 3 days. The instrument was subjective fatigue scale and 150mm graphic rating scale. For four groups pretest was done on first day and posttest was done on third day. The data was analyzed by the t-test and paired t-test. results: The subjective fatigue scale score was not significantly after the foot-bath in day duty but significantly lower after the foot-bath in evening duty. The graphic rating scale score was significantly lower after the foot-bath. The subjective fatigue scale score and graphic rating scale score on 1st, 3rd foot-bath day were significantly lower in experimental group. conclusion: On the basis of the above findings, this study suggests that foot-bath can be an effective fatigue relieving method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.143-155
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• 2010

Fouling by inorganic scales needs to be prevented to effectively operate sea water reverse osmosis(SWRO) membrane systems. The extents of inorganic scaling with different array designs including one-pass, two-pass and several hybrid designs were evaluated using seawater from southern sea near the city of Chang-Won. The used methods for evaluation were Stiff and Davis Index(S&DSI) calculation and several laboratory experiments. The formation potential of inorganic scale fouling was quite great under the examined conditions, which was confirmed by the laboratory experimental results. The inorganic scale was not avoidable fouling if any anti-scaling measures were not applied. The RO showed decreased flux under the scale formation conditions. The increases in S&DSI from 1.43 to 5 made small decreases in flux, which indicated that formation of inorganic scales had more substantial effects on RO flux than amount of inorganic scales.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.42-50
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• 2001

In this paper, the effects of scale formation in engine water jacket upon the thermal durability of engine itself and its component parts were studied. To understand the effect of quality of water, a full load engine endurance test for 50 hours was carried out with not-treated underground water. The followings were found through the tested engine inspection after the endurance test; 1-2 mm thick scale formation in the engine water jacket, valve seat wear, piston top land scuffing, piston pin stick, and cylinder bore scuffing in siamese area. In order to understand the causes of above test results, the heat rejection rate to coolant, the metal surface temperature of combustion chamber, and the oil and exhaust gas temperatures were measured and analyzed. The scale formed in the engine water jacket played a role as thermal insulator. The scale formed in the engine reduced the heat rejection rate to coolant and it caused to increase the metal surface temperature. The reduced heat rejection rate to coolant increased the heat rejection rate to oil and exhaust gas and increased the oil and exhaust gas temperature. Also, the reasons of valve seat wear, piston top land scuffing and cylinder bore scuffing, and piston pin stick quantitatively analyzed in this paper.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.99-117
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• 2020

This paper focuses on the processes of wind flow in atmospheric boundary layer, to produce realistic full scale pressures for design of low-rise buildings. CFD with LES turbulence closure is implemented on a scale 1:1 prototype building. A proximity study was executed computationally in CFD with LES that suggests new recommendations on the computational domain size, in front of a building model, apart from common RANS-based guidelines (e.g., COST and AIJ). Our findings suggest a location of the test building, different from existing guidelines, and the inflow boundary proximity influences pressure correlation and reproduction of peak loads. The CFD LES results are compared to corresponding pressures from open jet, full scale, wind tunnel, and the ASCE 7-10 standard for roof Component & Cladding design. The CFD LES shows its adequacy to produce peak pressures/loads on buildings, in agreement with field pressures, due to its capabilities of reproducing the spectral contents of the inflow at 1:1 scale.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.224-232
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• 2020

Objectives: This case report presents the effects of traditional Korean medicine on a patient with idiopathic bilateral facial nerve palsy. Methods: Two evaluation scales, the House-Brackmann (H-B) scale and the Yanagihara scale, were used to evaluate the symptoms of bilateral facial palsy. Herbal medicine and acupuncture treatment were administered to improve the patient's symptoms in parallel with Western oral medication (Valvirus Tab 500 mg, Solondo 5 mg, Lipitor 20 mg, Almagel 15 ml, Lanston 15 mg). Results: Before treatment, the patient had severe facial paralysis with an H-B scale of 5/5 and a Yanagihara scale of 3/2 on both sides. However, after treatment, the symptoms improved significantly with an H-B scale of 2/3 and a Yanagihara scale of 31/26. Conclusions: This case report shows that traditional Korean medicine in parallel with Western oral medication can be effective in the treatment of idiopathic bilateral facial nerve palsy.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2010

An experimental investigation has been conducted to clarify roughness effects of geothermal water scale deposited onto a heating surface upon its forced convection heat transfer characteristics. Examined was a circular cylinder, on which particles of silica scale having five different sizes are uniformly distributed. The Reynolds number was varied from 13000 through 50000. Local and mean heat transfer characteristics were measured as functions of particle size and Reynolds number. Subsequently the mean fouling resistance was estimated from those results, and its characteristics are clarified. It was found that the heat transfer of cylinders greatly varies with the fouling of geothermal water scale, especially its scale height. Further, the local and average Nusselt numbers strongly depend upon the cylinder spacing and the Reynolds number.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-33
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was to report the improvement of the patient with multiple sclerosis treated by Korean Medical treatment. Methods : The patient diagnosed as multiple sclerosis treated by acupuncture, bee venom pharmacupuncture, chuna manual therapy, and herbal medicine. To evaluate the effects of korean medicine, we used manual muscle test(MMT), the standard for assessment of the effect of stroke treatment, functional system(FS), visual analog scale(VAS). Results : 1. The patient's pain and optic dysfunction were reduced by the above therapy. 2. There was no change in manual muscle test(MMT), but there was mild improvement in finger joints function in the standard for assessment of the effect of stroke treatment. 3. In functional system(FS) scale, there was enhancement in optic function within a range. And there was improvement in expanded disability statue scale(EDSS) from 4.0 to 3.0. 4. In visual analog scale(VAS), there was considerable improvement from 9 to 6. Conclusions : The korean medical treatment was reduced pain and optic dysfunction.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-37
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was the development of a scale to assess maternal anxiety after mother-child separation. Subjects consisted of 384 mothers who had children from 6 to .36 months of age. A questionnaire consisting of eighty Likert-type items and Spielberger's(1970) State Anxiety Scale were administered to mothers and data were analyzed using item analysis. factor analysis. multiple regression. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Pearson's correlation and F-test. Sixty of the eighty items were significant and deemed acceptible through item discrimination method with indices ranging from. 32 to .95. Factor analytic procedures have selected 54 items of the 60-item scale and supported a 5-factor solution. The subscales labeled 'Maternal Separation Anxiety'. 'Perception of Separation Effects on the Child', 'Desire for Physical Cuddling and Closeness'. 'Attitudes toward the Value or Importance of Exclusive Maternal Care' and 'Employment-related Separation Concerns,' Finally. a multiple regression analysis conducted to reduce the length of the scale yielded a 39-item form for the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale(MSAS). Internal consistency of the MSAS was high(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ =.85). The correlation of the MSAS with the Spielberger's State Anxiety measure yielded a coefficient of .36, revealing a moderate and positive relationship.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

Due to the changes in the contemporary society, small-scale traditional markets have declined and lost their functions as the center of neighborhood commercial and cultural affairs. While most traditional markets are deteriorating, there exist rare cases of neighborhood small-scale traditional markets that continuously maintain their vitality and popularity. This paper examines urban spatial characteristics of those markets. As for the cases, this paper inventoried eighteen such markets in Gwanak-gu, Seoul. The research methods include literature reviews, on-site investigation of total 18 such markets, and participant observations. The findings of this paper are as follows: There are distinctive differences in the urban-spatial characteristics of physical environmental factors between the revitalized markets and declining markets. In terms of neighborhood and commercial environment, the franchised super-markets are not necessarily in competition with small-scale traditional markets. The former often has symbiotic relationship the latter, if the small scale traditional markets are strategically located in between residential areas and subway stations, providing active pedestrian networks. There are many outdoor display stands in the revitalized markets, while the declining markets rarely have them. The market improvement projects such as transforming the open space into arcade space, hardly have effects on revitalization of the small-scale traditional markets.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.20-31
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• 2021

This study aimed to pilot test a newly developed bilateral upper limb rehabilitation training program for improving the upper limb function of individuals with chronic stroke using a visual feedback method. The double-group pretest-posttest design pilot study included 10 individuals with chronic stroke (age >50 years). The intervention (four weekly meetings) consisted of five upper limb training protocols (wrist extension; forearm supination and pronation; elbow extension and shoulder flexion; weight-bearing shift; and shoulder, elbow, and wrist complex movements). Upper limb movement function recovery was assessed with the FuglMeyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity, the Wolf Motor Function Test, the Trunk Control Test, the modified Ashworth Scale, and the visual analog scale at baseline, immediately after, and four weeks after the intervention. The Fatigue Severity Scale was also employed. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity and Wolf Motor Function Test showed significant improvement in upper limb motor function. The Trunk Control Test results increased slightly, and the modified Ashworth Scale decreased slightly, without statistical significance. The visual analog scale scores showed a significant decrease and the Fatigue Severity Scale scores were moderate or low. The bilateral upper limb training program using the visual feedback method could result in slight upper limb function improvements in individuals with chronic stroke.