• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 1988

Reviewing the results of the blood cultures performed at Yeungnam University Hospital during 4-year-period through January. 1, 1984 to December 31, 1987, the following results were obtained. 1) Out of 808:3 blood specimens cultured microorganisms grew in 582 specimens with positivity rate of 7.20%. Polymicrobial bacteremia was found in 16 patients. 2) Among 582 positive specimens, Gram-positive cocci grew in 189 specimens, and Gram-negative bacilli, in 393 specimens. Clinically significant microorganisms consisted of 82 Staphylococcus aureus, and 20 Strptococcus species in Gram-positive cocci group, 80 Salmonella typhi, 72 Escherichia coli, 72 Salmonella paratyphi A in Enterobacteriaceae, and 46 Pseudomonas cepacia, and 16 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in glucose non-fermentating microorganisms. 3) Increasing incidence of Serratia, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species as major nosocomial infection source is noteworthy. They showed increased tendency from 6.3% of 1984 to 17.7% of 1987 of total positive blood cultures. 4) High isolation rate of Pseudomonas species and Aeromonas hydrophilia was noted in summer, while Salmonella typhi showed high prevalence from May to September and in January. 5) In susceptibility tests of isolated organisms, staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to basic antimicrobial agents except for ampicillin. The glucose non-fermentating microorganisms showed high resistance to basic antimicrobial agents in 32.2%. In conclusion, considering the relatively higher incidence of growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis than ideal level indicates that sampling technique should be improved. Secondly, all the hospital staffs in cooperation with Hospital Infection Committee are desirable to pay efforts to decrease the nosocomial infection.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1979

Ninety-five strains of Shigella, 70 of Salmonella paratyphi A, and 230 of Salmonella typhi were tested for their resistance to drugs. Also studied was the inhibition and elimination of drug resistance. All except one strain of Shigella consisted of 79 Sh. flexneri and 16 Sh. sonnei were multiply resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and splfisomidine. Among them, 70 strains were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin, 80 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 22 to nalidixic acid, and one to kanamycin, but strain resistant to gentamicin, cephaloridine, and rifampin was not encountered. All strains of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were susceptible to drugs tested, except sulfisomidine and rifampin, for which all S. paratyphi A were slightly resistant to sulfisomidine and the majority of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were slightly resistant to rifampin. Approximately 80% of multiply drug-resistant Shigella transferred their resistance to E. coli by conjugation, and the resistance was considered to be mediated by R plasmids. The frequency of transfer of drug resistance varied by donor strains and recipients, but not by selecting drugs. Resistance to nalidixic acid was not transferred by conjugation to the recipients. Drug-resistant Shigella strains successively subcultured in nutrient agar stabs contained clones resistant to drugs and those susceptible to drugs, but the ratio of resistant and susceptible clones varied by strains. The multiply drug-resistant S. typhi and Shigella strains were found to not lose completely their drug resistance by subculture in media. Acriflavine has some effect on the elimination of drug resistance mediated by R plasmids, but the effect varied markedly by strains. Atabrine has no effect among strains tested. The combination of drugs increased the drug actions in majority of cases with synergistic or additive effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 1986

This paper deals with the distribution, reservoir and mode of spread of salmonella infection on 7 pig farms in Taegu, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam and Chungnam and a slaughter house in Teagu during the period from May 1984 to May 1985. Isolated salmonella were examined for serotypes and biotyping of S. typhimurium. The results obtained were summarised as follows; 1. Of total 7,995 samples from 7 pig farms and a slaughter house, 319 salmonella were isolated from 234 samples (2.9%) and their serovar strains were S. derby 77, S. infantis 41, S. enteritidis 20, S. typhimurium 18, S. bredeney 16, S. london 14, S. paratyphi B 9, S. anatum 8, S. montevideo 8, S. senftenberg 7, S. thompson 6, S. pullorum 4, S. paratyphi A 1 and untypable 70. 2. The incidence rate of diarrhea of piglets, weaned pigs and fattening pigs was 9.8%, 2.3% and 0.5%, respectively whereas the rate by salmonella infection was 4.2%, 1.2% and 11.3%, respectively. 3. The isolation rate of salmonella was higher in summer and autumn. 4. The isolation rate of salmonella varied from 1.1% to 4.5% in 7 pig farms, it was higher in sewages(4.4%), weaned pigs(3.7%), boars(3.7%) and other(3.7%) included soils, manure and wild rats according to samples. Three out of 7 pig farms were contaminated heavily with various serovars of salmonella. 5. The isolation rate of salmonella from pigs slaughtered was 8.1%, it was 13.6% in rectal contents and 1.6% in mensenteric lymph nodes. 6. Eighteen strains of S. typhimurium were classified into 3 different biovars(1, 10 and 10a) by the method of Brandis and were subdivided into 6 different full biovars(1a, 1d, 1dh, 3d, 26i and 26ei) by the method described by Duguid et al. Appearance of different biovars indicated the occurrence of different exotic infection sources on the farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.221-237
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• 1999

To investigate the specificity of rapid slide agglutination test for pullorum-gallinarum diseases and to obtain a basic data for avian salmonellosis control, salmonella isolation was peformed for the layer chickens positively reacted in pullonlm-typhoid agglutination test. The biochemical, serological and antimicrobial properties of the isolates were examined. The results obtained through this study were summarized as follows; 1. Of 2,384 chickens tested by the agglutination test, 606 chickens (25.4%) were positive reactors. 154 of 606 reactors and 49 of the non-reacting chickens were investigated for salmonella isolation, resulting in isolation of 68 strains of salmonellae from 27 chickens. 2. By organs, the isolation frequency from liver, cecum, spleen, ovary and gall bladder showed 8.9% (18 strains), 8.9% (18 strains), 7.4% (15 strains), 4.4% (9 strains) and 3.9% (8 strains), respectively. 3. By culture medium the combination of selenite broth and MacConkey agar revealed the highest isolation rate and the enrichment culture by delayed secondary enrichment culture method was found the most effective for salmonella isolation. 4. The serotypes of 68 salmonella isolates were identified as 3 strains of S pullorum, 24 strains of S gallinarum, 15 strains of S typhimurium, 8 strains of S enteritidis, 7 strains of S paratyphi A, 5 strains of S typhimurium and 6 strains of the other salmonellae. 5. The serotypes of 8 salmonella strains isolated from 49 chickens non-reacting in pullorum-typhoid agglutination test were identified as 3 strains of S typhimurium and 5 strains of S infantis. 6. When 24 chickens of which 68 strains of salmonellae isolated were examined by microplate agglutination test, the average antibody titer for pullorum antigen was $2^{5.25}$. The chickens at antibody titer between $2^3$ and $2^5$ showed the higher frequency of isolation as compared with the chickens at the other titers. 7. When salmonella isolates were tested the antimicrobial drug sensitivity by disk diffusion method, S paratyphi A were highly sensitive by 100% to ATM and GM, S typhimurium, by 88% to AM, CIP, IMP and TN, S infantis, by 100% to AM, CRO, ENR and PIP, S enteritidis,by 100% to IMP and PIP, S pullorum, by 100% to ATM, CRO, ENR and PIP and S gallinarum, by 92% to CRO, CIP and PIP.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2013

Antibiotic susceptibility was examined for 596 Salmonella isolates from patients with acute gastroenteritis during 2000-2009 in Gwangju area in South Korea. Of 16 antibiotics tested, ampicillin resistance (43%) was the most commonly observed resistance among the 596 Salmonella sp. isolates, followed by tetracycline (35.9%), nalidixic acid (31.5%), and chloramphenicol (26.2%). Antibiotic resistance varied among serotypes: The highest resistance of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium was to ampicillin (51.1%) and tetracycline (77.9%), respectively. A total of 89 resistance patterns were observed, and 26% (155/596) of Salmonella isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested in this study. About 21% (127/596) and 15% (87/596) of the isolates were resistant to one and two antibiotics, respectively. The rest of Salmonella isolates (227/596, 38%) were resistant to three or more antibiotic agents. The highest multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in serotype S. Paratyphi B (76.5%), followed by S. Typhimurium (58.2%), and S. Enteritidis (40.2%). The most common resistance pattern of MDR isolates was ampicillin-chloramphenicol-nalidixic acid-ticarcillin (36/227, 15.8%), most of which (35/36, 97.2%) were S. Enteritidis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2003

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Codonopsis lanceolata Bentk et Hook on the growth of lactic acid bacteria and some harmful bacteria. Extract of C. lanceolata was obtained by hydrothermal extraction method and used intactly without concentration. To investigate the inhibitory effect on the growth of harmful bacteria, we used agar dilution method. On agar plate containing more than 25% extract, they showed decreased number of colonies. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.553-560
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• 1995

A lactic aci bacteria producing antibacterial substance was isolated from pig feces. This strain was identified as a genus Lactobacillus, through its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. Lactobacillus sp. KJ-5 isolated showed the strong inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella paratyphi. The production of antibacterial substance was growth associated form during the batch culture of Lactobacillus sp. KJ-5 and the maximum production was obtained at the culture temperature of $37^{\circ}C$ as well as optimum temperature of cell growth. The antibacterial activity of the filtrate of culture broth was decreased by adjusting the pH 6.2 and was not affected by catalase treatment. The antibacterial substance was partially purified by methanol and acetone extraction, whtch exhibited three spots in the thin-layer chromatography and one of them showed an antibacterial activity, This substance also showed the maximum absorption of UV at 270nm and an antibacterial activity was completely inactivated by the treatment of proteolytic enzymes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

Due to wide abuse of antibiotics both in human and livestock use, the advent and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens becomes a serious health problem all over the world. Since the development of new antibiotics is at a standstill in pharmaceutical industry, the choice of therapeutic antibiotics is getting narrower. In this study, in an effort to search new antibiotics, the antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus DY1 isolated from Korean soil was characterized on its growth inhibition spectrum against various health threatening MDR strains, with its stability and chemical structure. Extracellular culture filtrate of Paenibacillus DY1 effectively inhibits the growth of all the tested MDR enteropathogenic Eshcherichia coli, enterohemolytic E. coli, and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains, at a similar level to that on the nonresistant control E. coli strains. It showed significant growth inhibition effect against the causative agents of class one legal communicable disease, MDR Salmonella typhi, MDR Salmonella paratyphi A, food poisoning bacteria, MDR Salmonella typhimurium, and other MDR Salmonella spp. The growth of all of 10 different MDR Shigella spp. strains and 6 different Vibrio spp. strains tested was also inhibited. The antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus DY1 was well preserved after heat treatment, and was also stable in both alkaline and acidic environment. The antimicrobial activity was partially purified with Diaion HP20 column and TLC. By NMR study, the putative structure of the activity was postulated as an alkane having hydroxyl groups.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 2013

Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance patterns have been studied with a total of 189 samples of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients in Incheon from 2008 to 2012. Methods: Antimicrobial resistance tests were determined by Disc Diffusion method. Results: The serological distribution of Salmonella spp. showed 108 strains (30.1%) of S. Enteritidis, 81 strains (22.6%) of S. Typhimirium, eight strains (8.0%) of S. Typhi, 11 strains ( 3.1% ) of S. Paratyphi, and the 151 other strains (42.1%). The separation rate of Salmonella spp. by year showed 14.5% (52 strains) in 2008, 13.6% (49 strains) in 2009, 22.8% (82 strains) in 2010, 25.3% (91 strains) in 2011, and 23.7% (85 strains) in 2012. Additionally, the separation rate of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimirium in 2010 was the highest. The Salmonella spp. isolated from diarrhea patients showed significant differences according to age (p<0.05), gender (p<0.01) and medical institution (p<0.05). The highest resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: imipenem 77 strains, ampicillin 47 strains, ciprofloxacin 34 strains, nalidixic acid 29 strains for S. Enteritidis, and ampicillin 45 strains, nalidixic acid 45 strains for S. Typhimurium. Separated S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium resistance to the antibiotics by the year showed significant differences (p<0.05). The patterns of multidrug resistance rates were 43.1% (47 strains) for one drug, 8.3% (9 strains) for two drugs, 11.0% (12 strains) for three drugs, 15.62% (17 strains) for four drugs, and 13.7% (15 strains) for five or more drugs for S. Enteritidis. For S. Tyhpimurium, the rates were 15.0% (12 strains) for one drug, 10.0% (8 strains) for two drugs, 6.3% (five strains) for three drugs, 18.7% (15 strains) for four drugs, and 23.8% (19 strains) for five or more drugs. Conclusion: The antibiotic resistance issue is directly related to people's lives. Thus, the usage of antibiotics should be reduced in order to manage antibiotic resistance.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 1974

The experiment was performed in order to investigate the applicability of the rapid detection of salmonellae in various animal-origin foods by means of the direct fluorescent antibody technique. Egg, sausage and chicken were inoculated with various concentrations of Sal.paratuphi A, Sal. paratyhi B and Sal. thompson, and the fluorescent antibody technique was applied and compared with the conventional cultura method for the sensitivity of detection of the organisms. Two methods were employed in the fluorescent antibody technique; the direct smear method in which the smear being made directly from the specimens, and the enrichment smear method in which the smear being made from the enrichment broth. The effect of various enrichment time (1,5,8,11 and 13 hours) in tetrathionate broth on the detection of salmonellae in the fluoresent antibody technique was also studied. The results obtained were summarized as followings; 1. Of the three methods, the enrichment smear method of fluorescedt antibody technique was highly effective as cultural method for the detection of salmonella organisms. 2. Direct smear method of fluorescent antibody technique was effective as two other methods $5{\times}10^4$ organisms presented in 50 g(ml) of specimens. This method may not be applicable when the specimens contained $5{\times}10^2$ or less organisms. 3. Of the three specimens, the recovery rate of Salmonella organisms from egg was slightly higher than that of sausage and chicken. 4. In fluorescent antibody technique and cultural method, the specimens inoculated with Sal. thompson were found to be higher detection rate than the specimens inoculated with Sal. paratyphi A, 5. The optimum enrichment time of Salmonella organisms in tetrathionate broth on the detection by fluorscent antibody technique was found to be 11 hours or longer when the specimens of egg, sausage and chicken were inoculated with approximately 500 organisms. The longer enrichment time was the higher detection rate up to 11 hours tested.