• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 1966

The bacteriostatic action of trichlorophenoxy alkylene ammonium derivatives, 2(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) ethylene N-triethyl ammonium bromide; (2,4,5-TETB), 2(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy) ethylene N-triethyl ammonium bromide; (2,4,6-TETB), 2,4,5-triphenoxy ethylene pyridinium bromide; (2,4,5-TEPB), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy ethylene pyridinium bromide:(2,4,6-TEPB) were observed by Jackson and Finland's and Finland's and Pak's on Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, and Bacillus subtilis, comparing with those of phenol and trichlorophenol. The following results were obtained. 1) Phenol is bacteriostatic in a concentration of $10^{-3}$ for all above species. 2) Trichlorophenol is bacteriostatic in concentration of $10^{-4}$ to $5{\times}10^{-5}$ for all above species(Table 7), 3) 2,4,5-TETB and 2,4,6-TETB are bacteriostatic in a concentration of $10^{-4}$ and $5{\times}10^{-5}$ for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella flexneri, but do not for E. coli and Bacillus subtilis(Table 8 and 9). 4) 2,4,5-TEPB and 2,4,6-TEPB are bacteriostatic in a concentrationof $10^{-4}$ and $5{\times}10^{-5}$ only for Staphylococcus aureus among four species(Table 10 and 11).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1240-1245
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• 2008

Kimbab is the most popular ready-to-eat (RTE) food in Korea. A rapid detection method based on multiplex PCR technique was developed for detection of major food-borne pathogens like Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytongenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Specific bands were obtained as 108 bp (Sau, S. aureus), 284 bp (Sal, S. enterica, S. enteritids, and S. typhmurium), 404 bp (Lmo, L. monocytogenes), 475 bp (Bce, B. cereus), and 600 bp (Shi, S. flexineri and S. sonnei). Visible cell numbers varied from 4.14-5.03, 3.61-4.47, and 4.10-5.11 log CFU/g in randomly collected June, July, and August samples, respectively. Among the 30 kimbab samples obtained 83.3% samples were contaminated and 16.7% samples were free from contamination. The highest rate of contamination was with S. aureus (56.7%) followed by B. cereus (43.3%), Salmonella spp. (36.7%), Shigella spp. (13.3%), and L. monocytogenes (6.7%). The identification of the pathogenic species could be faster using one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the ability to test for food-borne pathogenic species in kimbab will save time and increase the ability to assure its quality.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the isolation, identification, and antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria related to kimchi fermentation. Diluted kimchi soup was plated on the MRS agar media with CaCO$_3$ and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. A total of 27 strains of lactic acid bacteria from various indigenous, spontaneously fermented vegetables (kimchi) were isolated. Combined methods of Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, BPB media analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis were applied for identification, however, their results did not coincide in several cases. Isolated lactic acid bacteria could be classified by the 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Leu. carnosum, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lac. pentosus, Weisselia kimchi, W. cibaria, and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Leu. carnosum has not been reported in kimchi lactic acid bacteria. In addition, antibacterial activities of the isolates were tested with Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, S. paratyphica, S. typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella boydii, and S. sonnei. Some of isolates showed significant antibacterial activities to those pathogens.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.1025-1028
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• 2010

The bacteriological examination of spring water in Seogwipo-city was conducted. A total 11 spring water samples were performed from January to April, 2010. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 0.7 to $15.4^{\circ}C$, and result of the analyses showed that hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) for spring water was 0.33 to 7.8. salinity levels for sample average of 0.5 to 1.04‰, as the result of measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) for spring water showed that water dissolved oxygen were 1.02 to 7.14 mg/${\ell}$. The range of total coliform of spring water sample at 11 stations located in the designated spring water were <1.8~>1,600 MPN/100mL. And the range of geometric mean of total coliform were 1.9~117.1 MPN/100mL, The range of fecal coliform of spring water sample at 11 stations located in the designated spring water were <1.8~>1,600 MPN/100mL. And the range of geometric mean of fecal coliform were 1.8~68.1 MPN/100mL, respectively. Level of microbial contamination was examined in 11 samples for indication of bacterial contamination such as heterophic bacteria, EscherichiacoliO157;H7, salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp. Were frequently detected from the spring water. Salmonella spp., S.aureus were detected in the range of $0{\sim}1.0{\times}10^1$, $0{\sim}3.0{\times}10^1$ CFU/ml, respectively. And the Escherichia coli O157;H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shigella spp. Were not detected from the examined spring water samples.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2009

Three hundred lactic acid bacteria isolated from human feces were studied their probiotic characters to develop potential probiotics. The properties were tested on the basis of guideline for probiotic selection protocol such as tolerance for acid or bile salt, thermal stability, antimicrobial, anticancer cell, and antiviral activity. Strain Miny-148 was selected as a potential probiotic bacterium which showed resistance to low pH, bile salts and thermal stability. On the basis of fatty acid profiles and 16S rDNA sequences analysis, the strain was identified as Lactobacillus pentosus (similarity 99.9%). The strain, L. pentosus Miny-148, showed broad antimicrobial spectrum against E. coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, V. vulnificus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Cell-free culture supernatant of the strain also inhibited against the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cell and transmissible gastroenterits virus.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1984

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the antibacterial spectrum of L. casei phage type $J_1$ strain isolated from a fermented milk product against pathogenic enteric bacteria. Growth inhibitory effects and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of culture supernatants of L. casei grown in MRS broth were measured by both plate culture method and microplate broth dilution technique against Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, enterpathogenic E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The MRS broth culture of L. casei gave a similar extent of growth inhibitory effects against S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, respectively. 2. The inhibitory effects of L. casei culture were observed either in whole broth culture or in culture supernatant, but neither the bacterial suspension nor the neutralized culture supernatant showed such as antibacterial activities. 3. The MIC titres of the culture supernatants were ${\log_2}5$ to ${\log_2}6$, whereas those of the neutralized culture supernatant dropped markdely to ${\log_2}2$ to ${\log_2}3$. These results indicated that major portion of growth inhibitory effects of MRS broth culture of L. casei against enteric bacterial pathogens was possibly due to the acids produced, and minor portion to other antibacterial substances.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.137-149
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• 2005

Objectives and Methods: This study was performed to investigate the etiologic bacterial, viral and protozoal organisms for the diarrhea from hospitals in Chungnam area from January to December in 2004. Total of 787 fecal samples were collected and examined. Results and Conclusions: In test for enteropathogenic bacteria, total of 79 cases out of 787 samples from hospitals showed positive isolation. Among 79 positive samples, 27 cases were confirmed as Salmonella spp.. 20 cases as pathogenic E. coli, 18 cases as Clostridium perfringens, 6 cases as Staphylococcus aureus, 4 cases as Shigella spp. and 4 cases as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In test for enteropathogenic virus, 190 cases out of 787 samples from hospitals showed positive reaction. Among 190 samples, 115 cases were confirmed as rotavirus, 55 cases as norovirus, 5 case as astrovirus, 4 case as rotavirus & norovirus, 3 cases as adenovirus, 2 case as rotavirus & astrovirus. In test for enteropathogenic protozoa, 6 cases out of 787 samples from hospitals showed positive result. Among 6 samples, 5 cases were confirmed as Entamoeba histolytica and 1 cases as Giardia lamblia. When we classified the positive results by the age of the patients, the highest isolation rate was noted in a group of age under 10 and over 60 for bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. Especially, patient below age of 5 showed high positive rate. When we classified the positive results by the time, pageathogenic bacteria were isolated throughout the year, and the highest frequency was noted in August. On the other hand, pathogenic viruses were detected more frequently during the colder season from December to April. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for the isolated bacteria resulted as follows; Salmonella strains showed high drug resistance rates against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ticarcillin. Shigella strains showed high drug resistance rates against ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin. Pathogenic E. coli strains showed high drug resistance rates against ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2006

Purpose: Acute gastroenteritis in children is one of the frequently encountered diseases with relatively high admission rate. The aim of this study is to determine the isolation trends of common and emerging pathogens in acute gastroenteritis in children over a 12-month period in a community hospital. Methods: The study group included the children who were hospitalized to Seoul National University Boramae Hospital from April, 2003 to March, 2004 or visited outpatient clinic from April, 2003 to July, 2003 with presenting features of acute gastroenteritis. Stool specimens were obtained within 2 days after the visit and examined for the following pathogens: rotavirus, adenovirus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, pathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli), Campylobacter and Yersinia species. Viral study was done with commercial kits for antigen detection. Identification of the bacterial pathogens was done by culture using selective media. For pathogenic E.coli, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done with the target genes related to the pathogenecity of enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC). Results: The 130 hospitalized children and 28 outpatients were included in this study. The majority of children (>93%) were less than 6 years. Pathogens were isolated in 47% of inpatients and 43% of outpatients, respectively. Rotavirus was the most frequently identified pathogen, accounting for 42.3% of inpatients and 29.6% of outpatients. Nontyphoidal salmonella is the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogen (3.9%) in hospitalized children. Pathogenic E.coli (EPEC, ETEC) was detected in 2.1% (2/97) of inpatients and 25% (3/12) of outpatients. EHEC, adenovirus, Campylobacter, Yersinia and Shigella species were not detected in this study. Conclusion: Rotavirus is the most common enteropathogen in children with acute gastroenteritis. Nontyphoidal salmonella and pathogenic E.coli are important bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter species may not be commonly detected organism in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2000

Salmonella typhi is one of important causes of human enteric infections. S. typhi KNIH100 was isolated from a patient of typhoid fever in Korea. We cloned a 5.0 kb SalⅠ fragment containing the aroA gene encoding a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthetase from chromosomal DNA of this strain. This recombinant plasmid was named pSAL80. E. coli CGSC2829, an aroA- mutant, was not grown on the M9 minimal medium but E. coli CGSC2829 (pSAL80) was grown on the M9 minimal medium. The aroA gene was composed of 1,284 base pairs with ATG initiation codon and TAA termination codon. Sequence comparison of the aroA gene exhibited 99%, 98%, and 77% identity with those of S. typhi Ty2, S. typhimurium, and E. coli respectively. As in the cases of Shigella sonnei and E. coli, the serC and aroA genes lie in a single operonic structure.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.386-396
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• 2002

This study screened 76 Korean traditional patent medicines and 58 medicinal herbs for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Among the prescriptions methanol and hot water extracts of Samsoum, Chujunghwang-yont'ang, and Sashinhwan showed antimicrobial activities against E. coli and Chujunghwang-yont'ang showed the strongest antimicrobial activity. Among the medicinal herbs, hot water and methanol extracts of Terminalia chebula, Caesalpinia sappan, and Coptis chinensis showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexnery, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella typhimurium. An interesting characteristic of the traditional medicines such as Samsoum, Chujunghwang-yont'ang, and Sashinhwan was that both methanol and hot water extracts were active. Chujunghwang-yont'ang exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activities against the microorganisms tested. Water and methanol extracts of Terminalia chebula, Caesalpinia sappan, and Coptis chinensis showed the strong of inhibitory effects on the growth of all microorganisms tested.