• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2000

Ships in a seaway will encounter dangerous situation, such as slamming, stranding, and capsizing. The number of capsizing is small, but the loss due to them is very large from the viewpoint of human life, property, and the environmental pollution. The number of capsizing of fishing vessels is about 62% of total number of capsizing, and the half of them is originated from the operational mistake in a seaway. So the dynamics and the capsizing phenomena are to be studied, and the guide for the safe operation of a fishing vessel in a seaway are to be specified. The hydrodynamic forces consist of radiation forces (which are due to the motion of a ship), Froude-Krylov forces (which is due to the incoming waves), and diffraction forces (which is due to the wave and ship interaction). These forces are calculated by well-known strip method. Using the calculated forces, the motion of a ship in a regular sea is obtained. In the real seaway, the waves are very irregular, therefore the statistical analysis is very helpful. In this paper, using the results of the motion in a regular seaway and the wave spectrum, the motion in a irregular seaway are obtained and analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the recognition of Korean farmers for the safety of environment-friendly organic materials (EFOMs). The main purchase line of environment-friendly organic materials was the sustainable agriculture organizations, and decisive basis for the materials purchase was because they thought that agricultural produce cultivated with EFOMs were safe. Currently farmers obtained the most information about EFOMs through farmer's education operated by agricultural technology center. Sixty nine percent of respondents hoped that they would get the information on the website and through official education opened by of the government or relative institutions. Whereas, only a few respondents hoped that they would get the information from the sellers. Therefore we thought that government and related institutions should operate the education program to give the sellers the scientific and accurate information about EFOMs. In addition, farmers are highly recognized the necessity of safety-related information provided by government and related institutions. Most Farmers thought that safety education for farmers using EFOMs was very important. Also, it was confirmed that farmer respondents thought to need to establish the shelf-life and user guideline and to label about toxic category of EFOMs. The Cronbach' alpha coefficient calculated in order to verify the reliability of survey questions was 0.699. That value indicates that responses of the respondents in this study might be reliable.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.408-419
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• 2016

Background: In recent years, adjuvants have received increasing attention owing to the development of purified subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require additional adjuvants to evoke an immune response. Therefore, immunologic adjuvants have been developed and tested. Plant polysaccharides have been recognized as effective biological response modifiers with low toxicity. Methods and Results: In this study, the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge containing immunomodulating arabino-3,6-galactan was evaluated for its hemolytic activity and adjuvant potential in the specific cellular and humoral immune responses to ovalbumin. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge was co-immunized with the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi vaccine in mice. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge did not induce any hemolytic activity or side effects at doses up to $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The concanavalin A-, lipopolysaccharide-, and ovalbumin-induced splenocyte proliferation and serum ovalbumin-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody titers in immunized mice were significantly enhanced by AMA. Pharmacological data revealed that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge increased antigen-specific antibody levels in immunized mice. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge-adjuvanted purified Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi vaccine improved the proliferation of splenocytes and macrophages as well as stimulated cytokine production. Conclusions: These results suggest that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge-adjuvanted vaccines enhanced humoral and cellular immunity and that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge is a safe and efficacious adjuvant candidate suitable for use in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

Arabinoxylan (Ara) rice bran has been shown to be a potent biological response modifier as manifested by stimulation of different arms of the immune system. We examined the effects of Ara rice bran and exercise on the immune function and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rats. As the results, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ as representative inflammatory cytokines showed a significantly lower in Ara supplement group, thus the Ara rice bran had a higher inhibitory activity than the both exercise and control group. However, 4 weeks of exercise training significantly increased inflammatory reactions rather than treatment with Ara in LPS-treated rats. The Ara rice bran acted to decrease the inflammatory reaction. These results suggest that the supplement of Ara rice bran is likely contribute to inflammation response and the Ara rice bran can be used as a possible safe alternative to the immunotherapeutic modalities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.541-548
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• 2010

In this study, contamination levels of 7 N-nitrosamine were investigated in processed meat products (n=51), processed fish products (n=62), salted fish pickles (n=20), and beer and malt beverages (n=21) using a GC/PCI-MS/MS method. The limits of detection (LOD) of the N-nitrosamines ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg. In addition, methods were used to estimate the recovery of 7 N-nitrosamines, which ranged from 84 to 112%. N-nitrosamines were detected in 89 (58%) out of 154 samples. The exposure of an entire population group to N-nitrosamines through food intake was estimated using the average body weight of the total population and average daily food consumption, to perform risk assessment based on reports of a national health and nutrition survey. The results indicated that the daily intake of N-nitrosamines over a life time was $4.92{\times}10^{-7}$ mg/kg b.w./day. The margin of exposure (MOE) for the general population, estimated using the benchmark dose lower confidence limit 10 ($BMDL_{10}$) of N-nitrosodimethylamine, was 208,939, which was found to be safe.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2014

Sens of insecutity of the public and professionals about harmful effects of radiation is increasing in an accident at the Chernobyl and Fkushima nuclear power plant.Anxiety was amplified to lack of information about radiation majority of people. To target the middle and high school in the region of Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, to investigate the radiation recognition of the next generation, it is intended to present a model of education for the safe use of radiation. The High School of the six metropolitan cities, city, town through the questionnaire and needs to be educational experience of radiation and use knowledge level of radiation, experience in daily life, understanding of man-made radiation and natural radiation, information channel on radiation, the radiation Distribute the total 800 parts of, to recover the 629 unit, was analyzed for 155 females 474 males. Many people 75.36% of the people, to 24.64% female subjects of this investigation, was constant, respectively from 13 to 18 years age. It is a large number and 30.37% of the respondents as "normal" level of knowledge of radiation, for the type of radiation, most knew. You have answer for risk experience of the medical radiation was higher, touching a lot of information via the broadcast medium in general, and the accuracy is low. I thought we wanted to be educated three or more twice a year, as an educator,about 71.37% and radiation-related understanding of knowledge and background in accordance with the diversification of information channels, the regional differences between urban and rural areas. But I considered the difference age (grade) for each is displayed, intended for junior high school students, the target surface and use the occurrence of radiation, high school students, the need for education about risk and application of radiation through this study.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-37
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• 2000

In spite of adverse circumstances, dairy food industry of Korea has been developed continuously with the every efforts of farmers, processors, researchers and government officers. Development and extension of new technology, such as safety assurance, improvement of nutritive ingredient, and keeping freshness are very important issues considering short shelf life of dairy products which are prevalent in Korea. In addition to, demands for advanced technology would be increased rapidly with the increase of consumption development of high quality products supply structure, decrease of production basis, and appearance of environmental problems. And demands for information about standard would be enlarged. Development of new products and technology for quality improvement should be evolved with the application of developed technology and cooperation of relative institutes in order to enlarge the consumption of milk and dairy products. In conclusion, efficient production on the basis of balance and development of dairy products which are safe and high quality are the most important subjects for the development of dairy industry in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Recently, various rice by milling degree is sold for health and taste. To provide safe food to consumers, it is need to know the change of heavy metal contents according to milling degree of rice.METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was to investigate residual the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) as stated in the milling degree of the rice contaminated Cd and Pb from 2011 to 2012 in Chungcheongnam-do. Rice samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL) of Cd and Pb were milled by five degrees (0.0, 2.45, 8.02, 10.48, 15.09%). Milled rice was digested by microwave method, and analyzed heavy metal contents using ICP-OES. Recovery ratios of 4 heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were ranged for 79.7-98.9%, and limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were fulfilled with the normal analytical standards. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were ranged 0.416-0.433 mg/kg, 0.183-0.26 mg/kg, 3.639- 3.882 mg/kg and 16.868-19.801 mg/kg, respectively.CONCLUSION: From these results, conforming with increase of milling degree of rice, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn contents tended to decrease. The contents of heavy metals were decreased 3.1% in Cd, 29.3% in Pb, 6.4% in Cu and 15.1% in Zn, in according to the highest milling degree of 15.09%.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.219-231
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to determine the effects of the GGEx18 ethyl acetate fraction(EF) on body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, and obesity-related factors in plasma as well as histology of liver and adipose tissues using high fat diet-fed male C57BL/6N obese mice. Methods : 8 weeks old, high fat diet-fed obese male mice were divided into 5 groups: C57BL/6N normal, control, EF(1), EF(2) and EF(3). After mice were treated with EF for 9 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin and lipid levels. We also analysed histology of liver and adipose tissues on high fat diet-fed male C57BL/6N obese mice. Results : Compared with control, EF-treated mice had significantly lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio. Consistent with the effects on body weight gain, EF significantly decreased the adipose tissue weight compared with control. Consistent with the effects on feeding efficiency ratio, EF significantly decreased plasma leptin concentrations compared with control. EF reduced the size of adipocytes as well as hepatic lipid accumulation compared with control. EF seems to be safe since not only the plasma levels of ALT and AST are within the normal range, but also EF did not show any toxic effects on organs. EF(3) was most effective among EF(1), EF(2), and EF(3) at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that EF effectively reduces body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio in high fat diet-fed obese mice, leading to the modulation of obesity. In addition, EF decreases the size of adipocytes and improves plasma lipids and controls hepatic lipid accumulation, suggesting that EF may act as a therapeutic agent for obesity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2017

In this study, various plant extracts were screened for the effective and safe skin care ingredient according to the antioxidant activity assay guidelines. We selected an optimized combination herbal extract, Charmzone extract (CZE), which composed of Nelumbo nucifera leaves, Saururus chinensis and Orostachys japonica. CZE exerted free radical scavenging activity. It reduced reactive oxygen species formation and increased total antioxidant capacities in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). CZE also leaded procollagen type 1 secretion in NHDF and decreased cellular melanin contents in B16F10. The production of nitric oxide was decreased by CZE in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that CZE can be applied for naturally derived anti-aging functional skin care ingredient for anti-oxidation, wrinkle enhancement, whitening, anti-inflammation and wound healing of skin.