• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 LNG 추진선박에서 발생하는 BOG(boil-off gas)를 이용하여 수소를 생산하고 수소 연료전지 시스템을 보조엔진으로 적용한 개질공정의 특성에 대한 연구를 수행했다. 연구를 위해 BOG 수증기 개질공정을 UniSim R410 프로그램을 이용해 공정설계하고, 개질기의 출구온도와 압력, SCR(steam carbon ratio)에 따른 생성물의 분율과 반응물의 소모량을 산출하였다. 연구 결과 개질온도가 890℃일때 메탄의 반응률이 100 %였으며, 최대 수소 생산량을 보였다. 또한 개질압력이 낮을수록 반응 활성도가 높았다. 하지만 그 이상의 온도가 되면 역반응의 우세로 인해 수소의 생산량은 감소하게 되고, 물과 이산화탄소의 양은 증가했다. 또한 SCR이 증가할수록 수소 생산량도 증가했으나 요구되는 에너지 소비량도 비례하여 증가했다. SCR이 1.8일 때 수소분율이 가장 높았으나 코킹방지를 위해 SCR이 3에서 운전하는 것이 최적 운전범위임을 확인했다. 그리고 개질압력이 낮을수록 발생되는 이산화탄소의 양은 증가했으며, 냉각 및 액화를 위해서는 이산화탄소 발생량을 기준으로 42.5 %의 LNG 냉열이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 기존 ESD 보호회로인 SCR, LVTSCR 보다 향상된 전기적 특성을 갖는 새로운 PNP 바이폴라 삽입형 ESD 보호회로를 제안한다. 제안된 회로는 기존 SCR에 대비하여 약 9V낮은 8.59V의 트리거 전압을 가지고, 기생 PNP가 하나 더 동작하면서 높은 감내특성을 갖는다. 또한 제안된 ESD 보호회로의 실제 설계 적용을 위해 변수 L을 늘리면서 기생 PNP의 베이스 길이를 늘려 홀딩전압을 증가시켰다. 제안된 소자의 전기적 특성 검증을 위해 Synopsys사의 T-CAD 시뮬레이터를 사용하였다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.29.1-29.1
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• 2011

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of $MnO_x$ with $NH_3$ is an effective method for the removal of $MnO_x$ from stationary system. The typical catalyst for this method is $V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)/TiO_2$, caused by the high activity and stability. However, This catalyst is active within $300{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ and occurs the pore plugging from the deposition of ammonium sulfate salts on the catalysts surface. It needs to locate the SCR unit after the desulfurizer and electrostatic precipitator without reheating of the flue gas as well as deposition of dust on the catalyst. The manganese oxides supported on titania catalysts have attracted interest because of its high SCR activity at low temperature. The catalytic activity of $MnO_x/TiO_2$ SCR catalyst with different manganese precursors have investigated for low-temperature SCR in terms of structural, morphological, and physico-chemical analyses. The $MnO_x/TiO_2$ were prepared from three different precursors such as manganese nitrate, manganese acetate (II), and manganese acetate (III) by the sol-gel method and then it calcinated at $500^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr. The structural analysis was carried out to identify the phase transition and the change intensity of catalytic activity by various manganese precursors was analyzed by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. These different precursors also led to various surface Mn concentrations indicated by SEM. The Mn acetate (III) tends to be more suppressive the crystalline phase (rutile), and it has not only smaller particle size, but also better distributed than the others. It was confirmed that the catalytic activity of MA (III)-$MnO_x/TiO_2$ was the highest among them.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2017

In order to reduce the NOx, SCR technology is most suitable. In this study, we focused on studying the injector part of urea-SCR system. When stoichiometric 1 mole of urea is injected, 2 moles of $NH_3$ are created. $NH_3$ causes a SCR reaction by reacting with NOx. However, urea is decomposed by the side reaction of coming out HNCO, deposit formation is formed. In this study, it was to design a nozzle that can spray the optimal spray flow rate. Test nozzle used in this experiment is efferverscent type. The result of the experiment, liquid flow rate was confirmed to be that they are dominated by the exit orifice diameter. The area ratio is defined by ratio of the area of exit orifice hole and that of aerorator. The droplet size was measured by varying the area ratios. In addition, it was also confirmed that there is no change of the liquid flow rate and air flow rate to change the aerorator at the same exit orifice. Further, It was confirmed that the droplet size was relatively uniform even though the area ratio was different. Finally, there is little change in the SMD that air flow rate increases in 0.3 or more ALR.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

The function of SCR system in refuse incineration plant is to reduce the harmful combustion gases especially NOx which make serious environmental pollution. The SCR system normally have a NOx measurement system such as inlet NOx analyzer and outlet T.M.S.(Tele Monitoring System) to control the outlet NOx in stack. The NOx measurement system is very important, however there are frequently happened sensing problems and it need maintenance periodically. In this paper, we propose an estimation method of inlet NOx of SCR system by using general structured observer. The inlet NOx is considered as an input disturbance and it is modelled by applying FFT method in frequency domains. Through the design of general structured observer, the outlet NOx can be estimated by using observation error between real outlet NOx and estimated outlet NOx. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by comparing to a measured inlet NOx data.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2010년 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.368-375
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• 2010

To alleviate NOx emission, a variety of approaches has been applied. In marine diesels, the application of SCR systems has been considered an effective exhaust aftertreatment method for NOx emission control. Most current SCR systems use a various catalyst for the reaction of ammonia with NOx to form nitrogen and water. In theory, it is possible to achieve 100% NOx if the NH3-to-NOx ratio is 1:1. However, the reaction has a limited non-uniformity of the exhaust gas flow and ammonia concentration distribution. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the optimum flow conditions. In order to achieve uniform flow at monolith front face, we are equipped with a various mixed device. In this paper, it is presented that the mixed devices play an important role improvement of flow patterns and particle distributions of NH3 by numerical simulation.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

To alleviate NOx emission, a variety of approaches has been applied. In marine diesels, the application of SCR systems has been considered an effective exhaust aftertreatment method for NOx emission control. Most current SCR systems use a various catalyst for the reaction of ammonia with NOx to form nitrogen and water. In theory, it is possible to achieve 100% NOx if the $NH_3$-to-NOx ratio is 1:1. However, the reaction has a limited non-uniformity of the exhaust gas flow and ammonia concentration distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the optimum flow conditions. In order to achieve uniform flow at monolith front face, we are equipped with a various mixed devices. In this paper, it is presented that the mixed devices play an important role improvement of flow patterns and particle distributions of $NH_3$ by numerical simulation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.68-78
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• 2006

In the past few years, considerable efforts have been directed towards the further development of Urea-SCR(selective catalytic reduction) technique for diesel-driven vehicle. Although urea possesses considerable advantages over Ammonia$(NH_3)$ in terms of toxicity and handling, its necessary decomposition into Ammonia and carbon dioxide complicates the DeNOx process. Moreover, a mobile SCR system has only a short distance between engine exhaust and the catalyst entrance. Hence, this leads to not enough residence times of urea, and therefore evaporation and thermolysis cannot be completed at the catalyst entrance. This may cause high secondary emissions of Ammonia and isocyanic acid from the reducing agent and also leads to the fact that a considerable section of the catalyst may be misused for the purely thermal steps of water evaporation and thermolysis of urea. Hence the key factor to implementation of SCR technology on automobile is fast thermolysis, good mixing of Ammonia and gas, and reducing Ammonia slip. In this context, this study performs three-dimensional numerical simulation of urea injection of heavy-duty diesel engine under various injection pressure, injector locations and number of injector hole. This study employs Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to consider break-up, evaporation and heat and mass-transfer between droplet and exhaust gas with considering thermolysis and the turbulence dispersion effect of droplet. The SCR-monolith brick has been treated as porous medium. The effect of location and number of hole of urea injector on the uniformity of Ammonia concentration distribution and the amount of water at the entrance of SCR-monolith has been examined in detail under various injection pressures. The present results show useful guidelines for the optimum design of urea injector for reducing Ammonia slip and improving DeNOx performance.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2014

SCR(Thyristor) type $CO_2$ welders have widely used for the welding process of heavy industries such as shipbuilding and plant. Since the industrial fields of shipbuilding and plant are usually exposed to severe welding condition with lots of dust, extreme temperature, high humidity and vibration, it is not recommended to use inverter type welder despite its state-of-the-art technology. Many sophisticated functions in the inverter welder may not work due to malfunction of its sensitive components. Hence this study focused on digitalization of SCR $CO_2$ welder by making use of microprocessor for SCR phase control. By this application, fine control of output of the $CO_2$ welding systems is achieved. Also pulse output mode of operation is realized and its verification is carried out with aluminum sample welding. The experimental results showed sound weld bead. The front operation panel provide user with numerical parameter settings and monitors. It will help precise weld process monitoring and control with digital value.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2012

The $NH_3$-SCR characteristics of $NO_X$ over a V-based catalyst are experimentally examined over a wide range of operating conditions, i.e., $170-590^{\circ}C$ and $30,000-50,000h^{-1}$, with a simulated diesel exhaust containing $NH_3$, NO, $NO_2$, $O_2$, $H_2O$, and $N_2$. The influences of the space velocity and oxygen concentration on the standard-SCR reaction are analyzed, and it is shown that the low space velocity and high oxygen concentration promote the SCR activity by ammonia. The best $deNO_X$ efficiency is obtained with a $NO_2/NO_X$ ratio of 0.5 because of an enhanced chemical activity induced by the fast-SCR reaction, while at the $NO_2/NO_X$ ratios above 0.5 the $deNO_x$ activity decreases due to the slow-SCR reaction. The oxidation of ammonia begins to take place at about $300^{\circ}C$ and the reaction products, such as $N_2$, NO, $NO_2$, $N_2O$, and $H_2O$, are produced by the undesirable oxidation reactions of ammonia, particularly at high temperatures above $450^{\circ}C$. Also, $NO_2$ decomposes to NO and $O_2$ at temperatures above $240^{\circ}C$. Therefore, $NO_2$ decomposition and ammonia oxidation reactions deteriorate significantly the SCR catalytic activity at high temperatures.