• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 2022

Background: No study has examined the regulatory factors associated with fatal health problems due to the use of humidified disinfectants (HD) in South Korea. Objectives: This study aimed to identify and discuss the deficiencies and limitations found in the Toxic Chemical Control Acts (TCCA) that failed to prevent the health risk of chemicals in HD products. Methods: The South Korean TCCA was reviewed focusing on acts in operation from 1994 through the end of 2011, the period when HD was allowed in manufacturing and marketing. Results: The TCCA was the act intended to regulate the toxicity of chemicals in HD products. We found the TCCA to lack three key legal clauses which would have been essential to controlling the health risk of HD. First, there was the exemption of toxic and hazard testing for existing chemicals, including chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT), methylisothiazolinone (MIT), and benzalkonium chloride (BKC). Secondly, there were no articles requiring industry to provide animal inhalation test result for polymers such as polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and Oligo(2-)ethoxyethoxyethyl guanidine chloride (PGH). Finally, there was a lack of articles on examining the risk of products as well as on addressing changes in the usage of products. These articles were found to be generally provided in the US Toxic Substance Chemical Act (TSCA) and the EU Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). Conclusions: In conclusion, the Ministry of Environment of South Korea had not updated key articles for regulating hazardous chemicals, causing large-scale health problems due to HD which had been fundamentally addressed in chemical-related acts in other countries.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.57-79
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• 2007

Laws regarding to Arbitration in North Korea are Arbitration Act, Foreign Economic Arbitration Act, Regulations on the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission, Regulation for treatment of cases in Arbitration Commission, Rules of Hearing. North Korea has enacted the laws related to Arbitration including Arbitration Act enacted in 1995 and Foreign Economic Arbitration Act enacted in 1999. In the North Korea's planed economy system, as there will be many disputes among organizations, companies, other Institutions Arbitration Act resolves the disputes to compete the economic plan. North Korea's Arbitration Act is different from Normal Arbitration Acts in particular other socialist states in view of arbitration agreement and selection of arbitrator and functions as the tools controlling the members of North Korea and have the characteristics such as national arbitration system and mixture of criminal trial and governmental control and strict legal control system on violent acts in North Korea's plan and plan regulation. And North Korea's Arbitration Act deals with the civil disputes and limits the parties and subject matter of arbitration. The parties in dispute such as organizations, companies, other Institutions could apply for arbitration to Central Arbitration Body and Provincial (City under the direct control of Government) Arbitration Body and Sectional Arbitration Body. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the enhancement of the understanding arbitration in North Korea by studying the clauses in the Arbitration Act.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.241-257
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• 2013

An automorphism group of a graph is said to be $s$-regular if it acts regularly on the set of $s$-arcs in the graph. A graph is $s$-regular if its full automorphism group is $s$-regular. In the present paper, all $s$-regular cubic graphs of order $10p^3$ are classified for each $s{\geq}1$ and each prime $p$.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.191-203
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• 1997

This paper is study the ways of finding sexual abuse facts of children at home and the standards of recognizing such facts. The investigation and recognition about sexual abuse of children are necessary for remedy or care of children and their family and also for punishment upon the harmer or sanction against him by family laws. But, on account of the characteristics of sexual abuse acts and the standpoint that sufferers are children, it's very difficult to find those kinds of facts. Medical examinations, observations by specialists behavioral indicators, use of dolls & other props, and interviewing are applied to finding sexual abuse facts of children. However, these investigating methods have many uppermost limits, and don't necessarily have conformable conclusions. especially 'interviewing' is essentially used to find a child who has suffered sexual abuses and to investigate and examine a harmer who has been charged with such sexual acts. but 'interviewing' has no less obstacles in reality than has some utilities. For that reason, a follow-up study of (what is) the most effective method is required, with the case=by-case application of other methods. And along with that, it must be taken into consideration that, in process of finding a sexually abused child and in ex post facto measure against accompanying ill effects, the child's protection and the family's privacy ought to be legally guaranteed. So to speak, in making and enforcing the family laws, a profound study of the family to produce good fruits must be made.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.755-758
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• 2002

The physical phenomena of rectangular open cavity are numerically investigated in this paper Two-dimensional cavity problems with laminar boundary layers in upstream are simulated by using the compressible Wavier-Stokes equations. The high-order and high-resolution numerical schemes are used for the evaluation of spatial derivatives and the time integration. Cross-correlation is used to analyze the characteristics of wave propagation along time and spatial. Sudden phase shifting of 90 degrees is appeared near downstream edge, and this is coincident with the phase lag suggested in original Rossiter's equation. The results give a further understanding of the physical phenomenon of noise generation, and the resonance of flow and acoustic in cavity. Moreover, modified Rossiter's equation, which is more accurate and can be applied in various conditions, is suggested. The distance from the point of vortex generation to the point of vortex collapsing acts as effective distance of cavity resonance, and the phase difference between the point of vortex collapsing and the point of acoustic source acts as phase lag. The mechanism of acoustic generation is fully understood in this paper. The mechanism of acoustic generation is fully understood in this paper.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.159-167
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• 2023

Objective: • To detect black hole and warm hole attacks in wireless sensor networks. • To give a solution for energy depletion and security breach in wireless sensor networks. • To address the security problem using strategic decision support system. Methods: The proposed stackelberg game is used to make the spirited relations between multi leaders and multi followers. In this game, all cluster heads are acts as leaders, whereas agent nodes are acts as followers. The game is initially modeled as Quadratic Programming and also use backtracking search optimization algorithm for getting threshold value to determine the optimal strategies of both defender and attacker. Findings: To find optimal payoffs of multi leaders and multi followers are based on their utility functions. The attacks are easily detected based on some defined rules and optimum results of the game. Finally, the simulations are executed in matlab and the impacts of detection of black hole and warm hole attacks are also presented in this paper. Novelty: The novelty of this study is to considering the stackelberg game with backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSOA). BSOA is based on iterative process which tries to minimize the objective function. Thus we obtain the better optimization results than the earlier approaches.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.165-180
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to propose an effective traffic safety countermeasure to reduce both violations of road traffic acts and accident rates related to the driver's characteristics by measuring them using Q analysis method, a microscopic statistics analysis method. As a result, violators of the road traffic act could be divided into five driving characteristics and causers of traffic accident could be classified into six driving characteristics. By understanding these characteristics, We could establish a proper traffic safety countermeasure for each driving characteristic. The accomplishments of this research are as follows: The first, We could classify the decisive driving characteristics, which cause road traffic acts and traffic accidents, into internal and external causes. The relationship between each driver's characteristic and the occurrence of the road traffic act and traffic accident could be recognized more clearly. We could find the dangerous driver samples who have Accidents proneness. The second, As a result of analyzing the characteristics of these factors, We could sort out and suggest countermeasure for reducing violation of road traffic acts and traffic accidents as a priority countermeasure and complementary countermeasure. Finally, transportation companies most closely related to automobile accidents can judge new personnels on the basis of their driving characteristics before hiring, and also apply this principle to the traffic safety education vigorously.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.298.2-298.2
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• 2003

The insulinotropic hormone, glucagons-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which has been proposed as a new potential therapeutics for type-II diabetes, but this is metabolized extremely rapidly by the ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), forming a metabolite, which acts as an antagonist at the GLP-1 receptor. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.04c
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• pp.134-137
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• 2007

By enforcing skew of permanent magnet, detent force decreases, but lateral force that acts for vertical direction of moving direction occurs. This force deteriorates various performance of PMLSM as that acts to friction force between mover and LM guide. Therefore, in this paper, V skew model is proposed for lateral force's reduction and simulation results are compared to experimental value.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.645-648
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• 2005

Let K be a Galois extension of a field F with G = Gal(K/F). Let L be an extension of F such that $K\;{\otimes}_F\;L\;=\; N_1\;{\oplus}N_2\;{\oplus}{\cdots}{\oplus}N_k$ with corresponding primitive idempotents $e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k$, where Ni's are fields. Then G acts on $\{e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k\}$ transitively and $Gal(N_1/K)\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma\;{\in}\;G\;/\;{\sigma}(e_1)\;=\;e_1\}$. And, let R be a commutative F-algebra, and let P be a prime ideal of R. Let T = $K\;{\otimes}_F\;R$, and suppose there are only finitely many prime ideals $Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k$ of T with $Q_i\;{\cap}\;R\;=\;P$. Then G acts transitively on $\{Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k\},\;and\;Gal(qf(T/Q_1)/qf(R/P))\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma{\in}\;G/\;{\sigma}-(Q_1)\;=\;Q_1\}$ where qf($T/Q_1$) is the quotient field of $T/Q_1$.