• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.830-837
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• 2016

Juvenile Anoplopoma fimbria (mean length $15.6{\pm}1.4cm$, mean weight $68.7{\pm}4.3g$) were exposed to 4 months with the different levels of salinity [100 (35.0), 90 (31.5), 80 (28.0), 70 (24.5), 60 (21.0), 50 (17.5), and 40 (14.0) % (psu)] for 4 months. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) counts, hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were substantially decreased under salinities of 50% psu or lower. Of the measured inorganic plasma constituents, magnesium was notably decreased, whereas there was no effect on calcium. Among organic plasma components, glucose and cholesterol were significantly increased, and total protein was decreased. Among enzyme plasma components, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased under salinities of 50% psu or lower. Antioxidant responses such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH) were significantly decreased at salinities of 50% psu or lower. The results of this study indicate that salinity affects the blood parameters, plasma constituents, and antioxidant responses of A. fimbria.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 1982

Among the environmental pollutants, parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol may impair human health; they may inhibit or reduce the metabolic function of human body and may furthermore cause diseases directly or indirectly. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects on the immune response by intoxication of parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichlorophenol. Parathion(1.3mg/kg, olive oil 10ml), chloroform (100mg/kg, olive oil 10ml) were administered via intraperitoneal injection to rats. And 2, 6-dichlorophenol (13mg/kg, olive oil 10ml) was administered via oral injection. After 3 weeks, the rats were intoxicated with the above chemicals and immunized with sheep RBC. After 4 weeks the immune response of rat spleen cells was measured by the Jerne's technique. The results were obtained as follows. 1. There was no change of leukocyte counts by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol. 2. Parathion, chloroform and 2, 6-dichlorophenol reduced hemoglobin contents for most intoxicated and immunized groups. 3. Hematocrits were decreased by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichlorophenol significantly. 4. It was determined that total protein, A/G (albumin/globulin), .alpha.-, .betha.-and .gamma.-globulins in rat serum were not changed. 5. Intoxication by parathion, chloroform or 2, 6-dichorophenol reduced the number of hemolytic plaque to the sheep RBC in rat spleen cells. Therefore, the capacity of erythrocyte production and the immune response of rat spleen cells were decreased by the intoxication of parathion, chloroform, or 2, 6-dichlorophenol.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2005

This study demonstrated that xenogenic human marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) could elicit the regeneration of the sensory nerve after axotomy in the adult rats infraorbital nerves without immunosuppression. For this, we evaluated the behavioral testing for functional recovery of the nerve and histological findings at weeks 3 and 5 compared to controls. Xenogenic hMSCs did not evoke any significant inflammatory or immunologic reaction after systemic and local administrations. HMSCs-treated rats exhibited significant improvement on sensory recovery tested with von Frey monofilaments. At 5 postoperative weeks, in the hMSCs treated nerve, expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), neurofilament (NF) at the site of axotomy was higher than control. And mRNA expression of neurotropin receptor Trk precursor (TrkPre), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and neuropeptide (NPY) in trigeminal ganglion were also higher. The number of myelinated nerve at distal stump and cells in trigeminal ganglion were higher in hMSC treated rats. So it was supposed that transplanted MSCs contributed to reducing post-traumatic degeneration and production of neurotrophic factors. Immunofluorescence labeling showed small portion of hMSCs (<10%) expressed a phenotypic marker of Schwann cell (S-100). Xenogenic or allogenic mesenchymal stem cells might have immune privileged characteristics and useful tool for cell based nerve repair.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.466-473
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• 2004

A new acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase) was purified from the cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis, and designated CSDNase. CSDNase was purified by $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ precipitation, Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration, weak anion-exchange HPLC, and gel filtration HPLC. The protein was single-chained, with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 34 kDa, as revealed by SDS-PAGE, and an isoelectric point of 7.05, as estimated by isoelectric focusing. CSDNase acted on both double-stranded (ds) and single- stranded (ss) DNA, but preferentially on dsDNA. The optimum pH of CSDNase was pH 5.5 and its optimum temperature 55. The activity of CSDNase was not dependent on divalent cations, but its enzymic activity was inhibited by high concentration of the cation: $MgCl_2$ above 150 mM, $MnCl_2$ above 200 mM, $ZnCl_2$ above 150 mM, $CaCl_2$ above 200 mM, NaCl above 300 mM, and KCl above 300 mM. CSDNase was found to hydrolyze DNA, and to generate 3-phosphate and 5-OH termini. These results indicate that the nucleolytic properties of CSDNase are essentially the same as those of other well-characterized acid DNases, and that CSDNase is a member of the acid DNase family. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an acid DNase in a fungus.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.555-563
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• 1996

A membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI 4-kinase) was separated in a sucrose gradient and solubilized with 1% Triton X-100 from mouse brain. The enzyme was purified 2,952-fold by various chromatographic techniques including DEAE-cellulose, PI-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The molecular weight of PI 4-kinase was approximately 76 kDa by gel filtration and 70.8 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme exhibited specific activity of 11.2 nmol/min/mg protein and pi value of 4.7. Kinetic analysis of the PI 4-kinase indicated apparent $K_m$, values of 190 ${\mu}M$ and 120 ${\mu}M$ for phosphatidylinositol and ATP, respectively. The maximal activity of this purified enzyme was observed at pH 7.4 at an incubation temperature of $37^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activity was significantly activated by $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$, and inhibited severely by $Ca^{2+}$. PI 4-kinase was proved to be pure in its immunoblot test by polyclonal antibody prepared from immunized rabbit sera. By this test, we were able to detect the existence of the same type of PI 4-kinase from other mouse organ tissues, such as liver, heart, kidney and spleen. Furthermore, similar immunoblot analysis with the same antisera recognized the different epitopes of PI 4-kinase proteins from various organs of rabbit, chinese hamster and rat.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 2014

Mitigating secondary delayed neuronal injury has been a therapeutic strategy for minimizing neurological symptoms after several types of brain injury. Interestingly, secondary neuronal loss appeared to be closely related to functional loss and/or death of astrocytes. In the brain damage induced by agonists of two glutamate receptors, N-ethyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA), NMDA induced neuronal death within 3 h, but did not increase further thereafter. However, in the KA-injected brain, neuronal death was not obviously detectable even at injection sites at 3 h, but extensively increased to encompass the entire hemisphere at 7 days. Brain inflammation, a possible cause of secondary neuronal damage, showed little differences between the two models. Importantly, however, astrocyte behavior was completely different. In the NMDA-injected cortex, the loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing ($GFAP^+$) astrocytes was confined to the injection site until 7 days after the injection, and astrocytes around the damage sites showed extensive gliosis and appeared to isolate the damage sites. In contrast, in the KA-injected brain, $GFAP^+$ astrocytes, like neurons, slowly, but progressively, disappeared across the entire hemisphere. Other markers of astrocytes, including $S100{\beta}$, glutamate transporter EAAT2, the potassium channel Kir4.1 and glutamine synthase, showed patterns similar to that of GFAP in both NMDA- and KA-injected cortexes. More importantly, astrocyte disappearance and/or functional loss preceded neuronal death in the KA-injected brain. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of astrocyte support to neurons may be a critical cause of delayed neuronal death in the injured brain.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.93-96
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• 2010

A 23-year old woman was admitted to our hospital with hemoptysis. The chest X-ray showed reticulonodular opacity and multiple cysts throughout the entire lung field. The chest CT scan revealed numerous bilateral cysts with various sizes, some of them with thickened walls. An open lung wedge resection was performed. The resected specimen showed scattered small nodules, 0.3 to 0.6 cm in size. Microscopically, each nodule was composed of atypical glands with an occasional papillary architecture spreading to the alveolar septa, which were morphologically consistent with a papillary adenocarcinoma with a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma growth pattern. Immunochemically, the tumor cells were negative for the S-100 protein. The patient was diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the lung. A variety of diseases can produce or mimic multiple, thin-walled cysts in the lung. Lung cancer with multiple cysts is quite rare. Nevertheless, adenocarcinoma should be a diagnostic consideration. We report a case of a multiple cystic adenocarcinoma of the lung.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2013

Protease widely exists in the digestive tract of animals and humans, playing a very important role in protein digestion and absorption. In this study, a high protease-producing strain Planomicrobium sp. L-2 was isolated and identified from the digestive tract of Octopus variabilis. The strain was identified by physiological and biochemical experiments and 16S rDNA sequences analysis. A protease was obtained from the strain Planomicrobium sp. L-2 through ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and enrichment, DEAE-Sephadex A50 anion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. The molecular weight and properties of the protease were characterized, including optimum temperature and pH, thermal stability, protease inhibitions and metal ions. According to our results, the protease from Planomicrobium sp. L-2 strain designated as F1-1 was obtained by three-step separation and purification from crude enzyme. The molecular weight of the protease was 61.4 kDa and its optimum temperature was $40^{\circ}C$. The protease F1-1 showed a broad pH profile for casein hydrolysis between 5.0~11.0. No residual activity was observed after incubation for 40 min at $60^{\circ}C$ and 60 min at $50^{\circ}C$. F1-1 protease was inhibited by $Mn^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cu^{2+}$ ions, as well as PMSF, indicating that the protease F1-1 was a serine protease. Additionally, research basis provided by this study could be considered for industrial application of octopus intestinal proteases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1349-1357
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Shigyungbanha-tang(SGT) on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice. 1 and 24 h before LPS intratracheal instillation, control group was taken distilled water orally. Treated groups was taken each concentrate SGT(2.5 g/kg, 6.7 g/kg) by orally as same times. Normal group was not instilled with LPS and was taken distilled water. 24 h after LPS intratracheal instillation, lung histology was performed in inflated-fixed lungs in 3 mice of each groups. The other mice of each groups, bronchoalveolar lavege fluids(BALF) was obtained to measure proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) and blood sample was obtained to measure white blood cell(WBC). In vitro, the effect of SGT($100\;ug/m{\ell}$, $500\;ug/m{\ell}$, $1000\;ug/m{\ell}$) on the release of RANTES, TARC induced by TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-4 in human alveolar epithelial cell(A549) was examined. Histopathologically, SGT prevented LPS-induced lung injury. SGT decreased protein, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 according to concentrations. In vitro, $500\;ug/m{\ell}$, $1000\;ug/m{\ell}$ concentrate SGT suppressed the expression of RANTES and TARC on A549 cells. On the basis of these results, SGT had a markedly anti-inflammatory effect in a clinically relevant model of ALI. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to determine the potential clinical usefulness of SGT in the adjunctive therapy of ALI.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2008

Background: This study was conducted to quantitatively analyze proteins associated with the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that was obtained from a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain following administration of intrathecal $CGRP_{8-37}$. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-150 g, 5-6 wks) were divided into two groups, sham controls and neuropathic pain models. At the time of operation for neuropathic pain model, an intrathecal catheter was threaded through the intrathecal space. At 1 or 2 wks after the operation (maximum pain state), a test dose of 1, 5, 10, or 50 nM of $CGRP_{8-37}$ was injected into the intrathecal catheter and the CSF was then aspirated. Conventional proteomics to evaluate the CSF were then performed using high resolution 2-D, gel electrophoresis followed by computational image analysis and protein identification by mass spectrometry. Results: Treatment with $CGRP_{8-37}$ effectively alleviated mechanical allodynia in a dose dependent manner. The most effective response was obtained when a dose of 50 nM was administered, but significant differences were obtained following administration of only 5 nM $CGRP_{8-37}$. Furthermore, the results of the proteomic analysis were consistent with the experimental results. Specially we detected 30 differentially expressed spots in 7 images when 2-D gel electrophoresis was conducted. The intensity of 6 of these spots (spot number: 20 and 26-30) was found decrease the $CGRP_{8-37}$ dose increased; therefore, these spots were evaluated by mass spectrometry. This analysis identified 2 different proteins, CGRP (spot numbers: 26-30) and neurotensin-related peptide (spot number: 20). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that CGRP plays a role in chronic central neuropathic pain and is a major target of chronic neuropathic pain management.