• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2015

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moisture content on the haylage quality of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Seven levels of moisture content (60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, and 30%) were tested in this experiment. The results show that the feed value, crude-protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and in vitro dry-matter digestibility were not significantly different as the moisture content decreased. The pH and lactic-acid content, however, decreased significantly as the moisture content decreased, whereas the content of acetic and butyric acid increased significantly. We concluded that a moisture content within a range from 60% to 40% is best for Italian-ryegrass haylage.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

As an initial step for future genetic manipulations to improve forage characteristics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), an efficient tissue culture system was established and the factors affecting plant regeneration were evaluated. MS medium containing 5mg/L 2,4-D was optimal for embryogenic callus induction from mature seed and had a strong effect on successive plant regeneration. The plant regeneration frequency was observed at above 70％ when embryogenic calli induced were transferred to N6 medium supplemented with 1mg/L 2,4-D and 5mg/L BA. Among several basic media tested, MS and N6 medium were optimal for callus induction and plant regeneration, respectively. Genotype was an important factor in plant regenerability. 'Jeanne' showed the highest regeneration frequency of 73％. A short tissue culture period and high-frequency regeneration system established in this study will be useful for molecular breeding of Italian ryegrass through genetic transformation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.391-397
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• 1993

Rye(Secale cereale cv. Chunchu), barley(Hordeum vulgare cv. Dusan 29#), and italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum cv. Barmultra) were treated at 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 % of NaCl solution for 30 days. Plant height, leaf length, and leaf area were decreased with increasing NaCl level, and leaf area was decreased mainly due to decrease of leaf length. Root length was decreased at higher NaCl levels, but root number was increased. Shoot dry weight was decreased by increasing NaCl levels in rye and italian ryegrass, but barley did not show significant change. Dry weight of root was more decreased than that of shoot at higher NaCl levels. Chlorophyll content was decreased, but electric contuctivty of shoots and roots was increased at higher NaCl levels. Na+ content in shoot and root was increased with increasing NaCl level but the degree was not same. Reducing power of roots was that three crops as affected by NaCl was not equal. Barley was the most tolerant to NaCl stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles of different substrates and microbial communities. In experiment 1, nine diets (high-forage diet (forage:concentrate, e.g. F:C = 7:3, DM basis), medium-forage diet (F:C = 5:5, DM basis), low-forage diet(F:C = 1:9, DM basis), cracked corn, cracked wheat, soluble starch, tall elata (Festuca elata), perennial ryegrass and rice straw) were fermented in vitro by rumen microorganisms from local goats. The results showed that during 24 h incubations, for all substrates, disodium fumarate increased (p<0.05) the gas production, and tended to increase (p<0.10) the acetate, propionate and total VFA concentration and decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate, whereas no treatment effect was observed for the lactate concentration. The apparent DM loss for tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw increased (p<0.05) with the addition of disodium fumarate. With the exception of tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw, disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH (p<0.05) for all substrates. In experiment 2, three substrates (a high-forage diet, a medium-forage diet and a high concentrate diet) were fermented by mixed rumen microbes in vitro. A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of 24 h incubation. The results showed that when Festuca elata was used as substrate, the control and disodium fumarate treatments had similar DGGE profiles, with their similarities higher than 96%. As the ratio of concentrate increased, however, the similarities in DGGE profiles decreased between the control and disodium fumarate treatment. Overall, these results suggest that disodium fumarate is effective in increasing the pH and gas production for the diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, grain cereals and soluble starch, and in increasing dry matter loss for the forages (tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw) in vitro, whereas its effect on changes of ruminal microbial community may largely depend on the general nature of the substrate.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ground cover treatments on the nutrient contribution in a 'Niitaka' pear ($Pyrus$ $pyriforia$) orchard. Treatments included; 1) sod culture, 2) winter cover crop [ryegrass+hairy vetch], and 3) winter [ryegrass+hairy vetch]+summer [greensolgo (sudan grass ($Sorghum$ $bicolor$ L.))+ nemajanghwang (crotalaria ($Crotalaria$ $juncea$ L.)] cover crops. Ryegrass and hairyvetch were seeded with 6.4 kg/10a and 3.0 kg/10a, respectively, on October 17 of 2008, and greensolgo and nemajanghwang were seeded with 2.0 kg/10a and 3.0 kg/10a, respectively, on June 4 of 2009 at a diligent farmer in Boseong in Chonnam. Winter+summer cover crops provided greater amounts of dry weight, followed by winter cover crop and sod culture. The difference of amounts of dry weight from the ground covers affected to the levels of total N, P, and K contents, which were greater nutrient levels than those of recommended nutrient requirement for satisfying 10- to 12-year-old pear tree growth. Greater amounts of dry weight from the ground covers increased organic matter and concentrations of K and Mg in soil. Foliar nutrient concentrations, as an indicator of nutrient status of a tree, were not affected by application of ground cover treatments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.701-706
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• 2004

The objective of this experiment was to compare the dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen and energy utilization of herbages harvested from turf type mixtures {tall fescue(Rebell Jr.) 40%+ perennial ryegrass(Palmer II) 20%+ Kentucky bluegrass(Newport) 10%+ redtop(Banicuda) 10%+ red fescue(Salem) 10%+ creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw) 10%} and tall type mixtures {orchardgrass(Potomac) 40%+ tall fescue(Fawn) 20%+ Festuloium braunii(Paulita) 10%+ perennial ryegrass(Reveille) 10%+ timothy(Climax) 10%+ red clover(Kenblue) 10%+ alfalfa(Vernal) 10%} by Korean native goats. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 2001. The voluntary DM intake per body weight were slightly higher for turf type mixtures(28.9g) than that of tall type mixtures(26.2g), but there was no significant difference. The digestibility of cellular constituents was slightly higher for turf type mixtures than that of tall type mixtures(p<0.05), but digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF did not differ between two mixtures. The retained nitrogen percent(apparently biological value) was slightly higher for turf type mixtures(56.7%) than that of tall type mixtures(56.4%), but there was no significant difference between two mixtures. Apparently retained digestible energy was slightly higher for turf type mixtures(58.3%) than that of tall type mixtures(57.9%), but there was no significant difference between two mixtures. Based on the results, the herbage utilization by Korean native goats did not showed any significant difference between two mixtures, therefore there is a possibility that herbages of turf type mixtures can be used as a roughages by livestock.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2001

To investigate the partitioning of newly absorbed N derived from NO$_3$- and NH$_4$$^{+}$, 6 mM $K^{15}$ NO$_3$ or 3 mM ($^{15}$ NH$_4$)$_2$ was fed continuously in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflrum L.) for 7 days. Nitrogen metabolites (nitrate, amino acid, soluble- and insoluble protein) were analyzed at the end of $^{15}$ N feeding. Dry weight in shoot, stubble and root was not significantly different between NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ and NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding. Total nitrogen content in all three organs was significantly higher in NH$_4$$^{+}$ than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. Sum on N content in reduced N fractions (amino acids + proteins) in shoot, stubble and roots in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding increased by 13.3, 12.5 and 35.4 %, respectively, compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. The Relative Specific Activity (RSA, percentage of newly absorbed $^{15}$ N relative to total N in a sample) values of amino acids and insoluble proteins were significantly higher in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding. Total amount of newly absorbed $^{15}$ N in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding was 52.3 and 69.5 mg/plant on dry matter basis, respectively. In both NH$_4$$^{+}$ and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ grown plants, most of the N was allocated to the shoot, 67.5% in NH$_4$$^{+}$ feeding and 58.8% NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding, respectively. The $^{15}$ N amount incorporated in the reduced N compounds (amino acids and proteins) in NH$_4$$^{+}$ grown plants significantly increased by 74.8% compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ grown plants. The increase of the $^{15}$ N amount assimilated to amino acids in NH$_4$$^{+}$ grown plants was remarkably higher in roots as more than 7.25 times compared to NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ feeding. These results indicated that Italian ryegrass was much efficiently utilized NH$_4$$^{+}$-N for the synthesis of reduced N compounds.reduced N compounds.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1991

In order to classify the varieties by the characters to evaluating potential winter hardiness was examined using the relationships between autumn growth of seedling plants and the dry weight of plant(DW), and yield components of 1st cutting in 16 varieties of perennial ryegrass grown under individual plant basis.The results are summarized as tollows:1. The dry weight of plant(L)W) was positively correlated with the number of tillers of seedling plants, but negatively correlated with seedling vigors of plants in autumn growth. 2. The dry weight of plant(L)W) indicated positively significant correlations with the dry weight of heading tillers(HDW), number of tillers per plant(NT), number of vegetative tillers(VNT), number of heading tillers(HNT), dry weight of a tiller(WT) and heading rates(HR) of 1st cutting.3. Relative tiller appearance rates(RTAK) corresponded with the seasonal patterns of tillering ability. Thevariety with a low values of relative tiller appearance rates(RTAR) showed vigorous tillering ability inautumn growth, but the variety with a high values of relative tiller appearance rates(KTAR) showedvigorous tillering ability in spring growth.4. The dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates(DW/RTAR) indicated positively significant correlations with the dry weight of plant(DU7, plant length(PL), dry weight of heading tillers(HDW), number of tillers per plant(NT), number of heading tillers(HNrr), dry weight of a tiller(WT) and heading rates(HR) of 1st cutting.5. The varieties were classified into 2 groups by the dry weight of plant per relative tiller appearance rates(DW/RTAR). Thus. Manhattan, P-2, Tonga, Tove, Hella. I'eramo and Fiesta belong to the group of DW/RTAII>l. 0, and Maprima, Caliente, Tempo, Gambit, Magella, Prana. Reveille, Barlet and Bravo belong to the group of DW/RTAR

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to compare the dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen and energy utilization of herbages from mixtures types; conventional mixtures(orchardgrass 50+ tall fescue 20+perennial ryegrass 10+Kentucky bluegrass 10+white clover $10\%$), complex mixtures (orchardgrass 40+ tall fescue 20+perennial ryegrass 10+Kentucky bluegrass 10+redtop 10+alfalfa 5+red clover $5\%$) and simple mixtures(orchardgrass 80+red clover $20\%$) by Korean native goats. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 2000. The voluntary DM intake per body weight was slightly higher f3r complex mixtures (30.2g) than those of other mixtures. but there was no significant difference. The digestibility of dry matter and cellular constituents were slightly higher for complex mixtures than those of other mixtures (p<0.05), but NDF and ADF digestibilities did not differ among mixtures. The retained nitrogen percent (apparently biological value) was slightly higher fer complex mixtures $(55.1\%)$ than those of other mixtures, but there was no significant difference among mixtures. Apparently retained digestible energy was slightly higher for complex mixtures $(60.2\%)$ than those of other mixtures (p<0.05). Based on the results, the nitrogen and energy utilization of herbage by Korean native goats were slightly higher for complex mixtures than those of other mixtures.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to provide some information on the change of dry matter productivity and feed value (forage quality) according to growth stages of late-maturing variety, Hwasan 101, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forages Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon from 2000 to 2002. In Suwon, booting, first heading, full heading and flowering stages of cv. Hwasan 101 were May 8, 18, 28 and June 3, respectively. Dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of Hwasan 101 were tendency to be increased by the progress of growth. DM yield in first heading stage increased 50% more than DM 4,818 kg/ha of booting stage, and also DM yield in full heading stage was increased by 26% of DM 7,244 kg/ha of first heading. Crude protein content was decreased gradually by the progress of growth, which were 18.32, 15.12, 12.58 and 12.36% in booting, first heading, full heading and flowing stage, respectively. Acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents was increased and in vitro dry matter digestibility decreased gradually with progress of growth, but there was no difference between full heading and flowering stages. Considering DM yield and feed value of Italian ryegrass, the suitable cutting times seems between full heading and flowering stage.