• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Objective: We developed a Motor-Assisted Rowing Machine (MARM) for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), by modification of the Concept II rowing machine, so that the seats could be operated automatically in a backward and forward direction by a motor. Design: Case report. Methods: Motor rowing consisted of a chair with inclination control, a motor system, control button, monitor, program, leg supporter, safety belt, and seat. The patients were 2 men rowing athletes with SCI, classified as American Spinal Injury Association class B, participated in the study. Level of thoracic injury ranged from T8 to T10. The subjects rowed at a self-selected stroke rate with 50 watts. Two different rowing methods (static rowing without movement of the seat, dynamic rowing using MARM) were assigned to each participant during 10 minutes; 34 reflective markers were attached to their full bodies. Kinematic data were collected using the Vicon motion analysis system. Based on the full body model provided as a default by the equipment. In the rowing exercise, the rowing motions were divided into Drive Phase and Recovery Phase. Results: The two rowing methods differ in handle range, seat range, handle and seat ratio, handle velocity, and seat velocity during static and dynamic rowing. The rowing exercise using a rowing machine developed MARM increased tendency to the range of motion in the dynamic method compared to the static method. Conclusions: The newly developed MARM could be a useful whole body exercise for people with SCI.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.369-382
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to verify the validation of exercise effect with loading deviation during rowing exercise. We performed evaluation of based physical fitness and joint torque before the experiment for finding muscle unbalance. So we recruited twenty four subjects who have bigger muscle strength in more 20% than average one. Subjects divided two groups. One is dominant upper limbs(DU) and the other was dominant lower limbs(DL). Subjects performed rowing exercise using electric equipment (Robo.gym.Humonic.korea). Exercise is performed four sets a day including 25 times a set, and three days a week. Measurement consist of evaluation of based physical fitness and joint torque using biodex(biodex system3.USA). Evaluation of exercise effect performed each week in joint torque of shoulder, lumbar and knee joint and each month in based physical fitness. Also we adapted 30% of 1RM for muscular endurance and 70% of 1RM for muscle strength as exercise load. The results showed that the difference of maximal peak torque were getting increase significantly during exercise. Also difference of various factor in based physical fitness were getting increase significantly except flexibility and agility. This interpreted that rowing exercise with loading deviation types could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise in same time. These results could be interpret to two ways. One is effect of improving physical fitness for rowing exercise and the other meaned validation of loading deviation in rowing exercise. Our study is going to verify the validation of loading deviation during rowing and we found out that loading deviation could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise for improving muscle unbalance. Our study can be used development of exercise equipment and program for normal people with muscle unbalance. Also that provide effect of whole body exercise to anybody.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to verify the validation of effect on improvement of muscle strength unbalance according to exercise load deviation during rowing exercise. We performed evaluation of muscular activity and joint torque before the test. We recruited twenty subjects who one side's muscle strength is bigger in more 20% than other side. Subjects divided two groups. One is dominant left side and the other was dominant right side. Subjects performed rowing exercise in electric load deviation rowing equipment (Robo.gym, Humonic Co., Ltd., Daegu, Korea). Exercise performed four sets a day including 25 times a set, and three days a week. Measurements consist of evaluation of muscular activity and joint torque. Exercise load deviation adapted that different value of muscle strength in both arms multiplied 1RM% and added 1RM 50%. The results in adapted load deviation showed that the differences of maximal peak torque in 22.75% were getting increase significantly during exercise in 5.72%. This interpreted that rowing exercise with loading deviation types could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise in same time for balance. Our study found out that loading deviation could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise for improving muscle unbalance.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscular activity and muscle strength for swing track of upper limbs during rowing exercise. Subject was all twenty healthy adults and they were divided into linear exercise group and elliptical exercise group in random. Subjects performed rowing exercise 3-times for a week and performed all 8-weeks. We measured realtime-surface EMG. Also we measured joint torque of elbow, ankle and lumbar in subjects using BIODEX. The result showed that when rowing exercise, elliptical track exercise had higher muscular activity in trapezius, deltoid, erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastronemius than linear track exercise on more many muscle of upper and lower limbs. Also elbow joint torque and lumbar joint torque was more higher too. but linear exercise also had higher muscular activity in multifidus, tibilalis anterior than elliptical track exercise. According to this experiment, we found out that elliptical track was more efficient than linear track.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.757-762
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of aerobic exercise capacity on free oxygen radicals in blood(FORB) during submaximal exercise in rowing ergometer and as for study purposes, a set of experiments were conducted using one group of 6 rowing players(RP) and the other group of 6 non rowing players(NRP) at the maximum heart rate reserve(HRR) 85~90% exercise intensity. Oxygen free radical was sampled 5 times including a rest period(ARP), immediate after exercise(IAE), 10 minutes after exercise(10MAE), 20 minutes after exercise(20MAE) and 30 minutes after exercise(30MAE). Accordingly, following findings were derived from current study. The effects of interaction between groups and times were significant in oxygen free radical(p<.05) and post hoc tests revealed that significant differences occurred between 10MAE and 20MAE and between 20MAE and 30MAE. In conclusion, the aerobic exercise capacity excellence RP group had more positive recovery pattern than that in the NRP group from FORB of negative influence to the human body

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of rowing ergometer training on the aerobic capacity and strength of male high school students over a 12-week period. Methods: Fourteen high school students volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups: seven subjects in the experimental group and seven in the control group. The subjects in the experimental group performed rowing ergometer training for 75 min per session at three days a week for 12 weeks. The exercise intensity set the maximum heart rate (HRmax) from 40% to 80%. Aerobic capacity was measured by ventilation, cardiac output, and oxygen intake per body weight. Strength was measured by grip strength and back strength before and after training. Results: A significantly increased ventilation (p=0.01), cardiac output (p=0.01), and oxygen intake per body weight (p=0.00) were found in the experimental group. A significantly increased grip strength in the right and left hands (p=0.00, 0.00) and back strength (p=0.04) were observed in the experimental group. Conclusion: Rowing ergometer training can be an effective combined exercise for aerobic capacity and strength of high school students.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.761-772
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to help a recovery of fatigue through the effect of cold immersion treatment after rowing ergometer on blood fatigue substance, MDA and SOD in rowing athletes. For this, 10 subjects participated in this study and we divided them into cold water immersion group (CWI, n=10), non-cold immersion group (NCI, n=10). The exercise program was performed to 2000 m rowing ergometer for maintaining high intensity. The data was collected with regard to the interaction effect of the group and time among the CWI and NCI, ANOVA was used. As the post-hoc test, Bonferroni test was used. The significance was set at .05 and the following conclusions were deduced. For lactic acid, there were the main effect of time (p<.001) and significant difference in the both group (p<.001). Also, LDH were significant difference in the each group (p<.05). For MDA, there were the interaction between group and time (p<.05) and the main effect of group (p<.05) and time (p<.001). SOD were indicated main effect of group and time (p<.05), there was significant difference between each group in the after 30 min recovery (p<.05). Collectively, The results of this study suggest that positive effect on blood fatigue substances, reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidation enzyme through cold water immersion intervention. Therefore, we strongly recommend that performing the cold immersion intervention would be beneficial after high intervention exercise.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.1167-1168
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• 2012

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2021

In this paper, we planned to see the positive effects of the immersive virtual environment. In particular, the positive effect of presence on physical performance was explored. A total of 25 participants were recruited for this experiment and his/her physical performance was measured by Electromyography (EMG) while they were exercising (rowing), and presence was measured by a self-reported measure. The participants were randomly assigned to experience either a) Virtual Reality (VR) or b) non-VR (2D screen) condition when they played the exergame. The result showed that 1) there was a positive relationship between representation mode and presence and 2) the higher level of presence reinforced the user's physical performance. The limitation of the study and future study were also discussed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.162-171
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of caffeine ingestion on the metabolic responses during submaximal exercise. Ten male of rowing player aged 18-22yrs. participated in the study. No subjects had any remarkable medical history and none were taking medications. According to the administration of dehydrated caffeine(CA) (6mg/kg) or placebo(PA), they were classified into two groups such as caffeine group and placebo group. A randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol was employed using either CA or PA. Subjects underwent a submaximal bicycle ergometer. Blood was drawn intravenously prior to 60 min., at rest, at 30, and 45 min. of exercise, and recovery period. Plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acid and lactate were obtained using enzymatic method. Followings were obtained by the tests and analyses; 1) Blood glucose(BG) of 45 minute of exercise was significantly decreased in CA group of 76.3$\pm$14.8 mg/100ml compared with PA group of 94.9$\pm$11.2 mg/100mg(p<0.5). 2) Free fatty acid(FFA) of 30minute of exercise was significantly increased in CA group of 720$\pm$80 $\mu$Eq/1 compared with PA group of 360$\pm$120 $\mu$Eq/1(p<0.5). After exercise, FFA was significantly higher in CA group than those in PA group(p<0.1). 3) Blood lactate(BL) was not significantly different between the two. After exercise, BL was significantly different in 30 minute(p<05).